Table 1.

Function of different regulatory molecules in biofilm formation of Salmonella typhi.

Biofilm-Related Regulatory Molecules in S. typhi	Function	References
lncRNA AsfD	Increase S. typhi motility by up-regulating different flagellar genes	[51]
ncRNA Ribs	Up-regulates the expression of cyclopropane fatty acids synthase gene (cfa) that promotes biofilm	[53]
Mig-14 and Virk genes	Decrease the permeability of the outer membrane for PB and encourage the growth of biofilms.	[61]
GalE gene	Synthesize galactose which are added to the outer core and the O-antigen	[41]
Rck gene	Enhance cellular adhesion of bacteria and promote biofilm formation.	[54]
LuxS gene	Encodes autoinducer 2 (AI-2), an essential part of the quorum-sensing mechanism.	[27]
pR ST98 plasmid	Contains genes that may be related to biofilm formation.	[55]
QseB and QseC	Involved in motility and biofilm formation.	[75]