Table 2.
Impact of cytokines on VLU healing *.
| Cytokine | Non-Healing VLUs | vs. | Healing VLUs |
|---|---|---|---|
| EGF | ↑ Biopsy [65] | ↑ WF [56] | |
| FGF-2 | ↑ Biopsy [65] | ↑ Biopsy [53] | |
| GM-CSF | ↑ WF [54,64] | ↑ Biopsy [36] 1 | |
| HB-EGF | ↑ Biopsy [43] | ||
| IFN-γ | ↑ Biopsy [36] 1 | ||
| IL-1α | ↑ WF [33,56], ↑ Biopsy [45,65], ↑ Blood [46] | ↑ Biopsy [36] 1 | |
| IL-1β | ↑ WF [33,54] | ↑ Biopsy [36] 1 | |
| IL-1 bio 3 | ↑ WF [33] | ||
| IL-1Ra | ↑ WF [56] | ↑ Biopsy [36] 2 | |
| IL-2 | ↑ WF [56] | ||
| IL-3 | ↑ WF [56] | ||
| IL-6 | ↑ WF [67], ↑ Biopsy [45,65] | ↑ WF [64] 4 | |
| IL-6 bio 3 | ↑ WF [33] | ||
| IL-7 | ↑ WF [56] | ||
| IL-8 | ↑ WF [51,54,56,61], ↑ Biopsy [45], ↑ Blood [46] | ↑ WF [47] | |
| IL-9 | ↑ WF [56] | ||
| IL-10 | ↑ WF [54] | ||
| IL-11 | ↑ Biopsy [45] | ||
| IL-12p40 | ↑ Biopsy [36] 1 | ||
| IL-12p70 | ↑ WF [54] | ||
| IL-16 | ↑ WF [64] 4 | ||
| PDGF-AA | ↑ Biopsy [65] | ↑ WF [58], ↑ Biopsy [58] | |
| PDGF-BB | ↑ WF [54,64] 4 | ||
| PDGFRα | ↑ Biopsy [43] | ||
| S100A7 | ↑ Biopsy [43] | ||
| TGF-β1 | ↑ Biopsy [65] | ↑ WF [48,51], ↑ Biopsy [49,53] | |
| TGF-β3 | ↑ WF [55] | ||
| TNF-α | ↑ WF [33,51,66], ↑ Biopsy [45,65], ↑ Blood [57] 2 | ||
| TNF-β | ↑ WF [56] | ||
| TNF-RI | ↑ Biopsy [65] | ||
| TNF-RII | ↑ WF [66] | ||
| VEGF | ↑ WF [44,54,62,63], ↑ Biopsy [45,65], ↑ Blood [57,62,63] 2 |
*↑ Increase (p < 0.10) of cytokine in wound fluid (WF), biopsy or blood. 1 Before initiation of compression at baseline. 2 After 4 weeks of compression. 3 Bioactivity. 4 Univariate analysis.