Table 2.
Associations between Parenting and Childcare Factors, Harm Reduction Service Engagement, and Overdose Risk (n=403).
| Total Sample |
Women |
Men |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) with Outcome |
PR (95% CI) | APR* (95% CI) | N (%) with Outcome |
PR (95% CI) | APR* (95% CI) | N (%) with Outcome |
PR (95% CI) | APR* (95% CI) | |
| Ever Trained to Administer Naloxone | |||||||||
| Child Stayed with Them in Past Month | |||||||||
| No | 121 (65.0) | Ref | Ref | 38 (61.3) | Ref | Ref | 83 (66.9) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 47 (61.8) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.17) | 1.06 (0.86, 1.30) | 17 (47.2) | 0.77 (0.52, 1.15) | 0.76 (0.52, 1.10) | 30 (75.0) | 1.12 (0.90, 1.39) | 1.28 (1.01, 1.62) |
| Avoided Drug Treatment for Fear of Child Welfare Involvement | |||||||||
| No | 141 (66.8) | Ref | Ref | 43 (58.9) | Ref | Ref | 98 (71.0) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 28 (53.8) | 0.80 (0.62, 1.06) | 0.86 (0.67, 1.11) | 13 (50.0) | 0.85 (0.55, 1.30) | 0.76 (0.51, 1.12) | 15 (57.7) | 0.81 (0.57, 1.15) | 0.94 (0.68, 1.30) |
| Difficulty Accessing Harm Reduction Services due to Childcare | |||||||||
| No | 151 (62.4) | Ref | Ref | 49 (54.4) | Ref | Ref | 102 (67.1) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 18 (85.7) | 1.37 (1.12, 1.68) | 1.27 (1.03, 1.56) | 7 (77.8) | 1.43 (0.96, 2.13) | 1.48 (1.03, 2.13) | 11 (91.7) | 1.37 (1.11, 1.68) | 1.15 (0.90, 1.47) |
| Currently Has Naloxone | |||||||||
| Child Stayed with Them in Past Month | |||||||||
| No | 97 (53.3) | Ref | Ref | 30 (51.7) | Ref | Ref | 67 (54.0) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 36 (47.4) | 0.89 (0.67, 1.17) | 0.95 (0.71, 1.27) | 14 (38.9) | 0.75 (0.46, 1.22) | 0.69 (0.43, 1.12) | 22 (55.0) | 1.02 (0.74, 1.41) | 1.16 (0.83, 1.67) |
| Avoided Drug Treatment for Fear of Child Welfare Involvement | |||||||||
| No | 115 (55.6) | Ref | Ref | 37 (53.6) | Ref | Ref | 78 (56.5) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 19 (36.5) | 0.66 (0.45, 0.96) | 0.68 (0.46, 0.99) | 8 (30.8) | 0.57 (0.31, 1.06) | 0.48 (0.26, 0.92) | 11 (42.3) | 0.75 (0.47, 1.20) | 0.86 (0.55, 1.36) |
| Difficulty Accessing Harm Reduction Services due to Childcare | |||||||||
| No | 123 (51.7) | Ref | Ref | 41 (47.8) | Ref | Ref | 82 (54.0) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 11 (52,4) | 1.01 (0.66, 1.55) | 0.90 (0.57, 1.41) | 4 (44.4) | 0.93 (0.43, 2.00) | 0.90 (0.42, 1.94) | 7 (58.3) | 1.08 (0.66, 1.78) | 0.89 (0.50, 1.58) |
| Visited a Syringe Service Program in the Past 3 Months | |||||||||
| Child Stayed with Them in Past Month | |||||||||
| No | 69 (36.9) | Ref | Ref | 21 (33.9) | Ref | Ref | 48 (38.4) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 28 (36.4) | 0.98 (0.69, 1.40) | 1.07 (0.76, 1.51) | 15 (41.7) | 1.23 (0.73, 2.07) | 1.26 (0.80, 1.98) | 13 (31.7) | 0.82 (0.50, 1.36) | 0.94 (0.58, 1.50) |
| Avoided Drug Treatment for Fear of Child Welfare Involvement | |||||||||
| No | 77 (36.2) | Ref | Ref | 25 (34.2) | Ref | Ref | 52 (371.) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 21 (40.4) | 1.12 (0.77, 1.63) | 1.16 (0.84, 1.62) | 12 (46.2) | 1.35 (0.80, 2.28) | 1.26 (0.79, 2.02) | 9 (34.6) | 0.93 (0.53, 1.65) | 1.08 (0.66, 1.76) |
| Difficulty Accessing Harm Reduction Services due to Childcare | |||||||||
| No | 90 (36.9) | Ref | Ref | 34 (37.8) | Ref | Ref | 56 (36.4) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 8 (38.1) | 1.03 (0.58, 1.83) | 0.79 (0.46, 1.34) | 3 (33.3) | 0.88 (0.34, 2.31) | 1.13 (0.54, 2.34) | 5 (41.7) | 1.14 (0.57, 2.31) | 0.63 (0.31, 1.28) |
| Lifetime Opioid Overdose | |||||||||
| Child Stayed with Them in Past Month | |||||||||
| No | 66 (35.1) | Ref | Ref | 22 (34.9) | Ref | Ref | 44 (35.2) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 24 (31.2) | 0.89 (0.60, 1.30) | 0.95 (0.65, 1.40) | 11 (30.6) | 0.88 (0.48, 1.59) | 0.84 (0.47, 1.48) | 13 (31.7) | 0.90 (0.54, 1.50) | 1.05 (0.64, 1.71) |
| Avoided Drug Treatment for Fear of Child Welfare Involvement | |||||||||
| No | 74 (35.6) | Ref | Ref | 25 (33.8) | Ref | Ref | 49 (35.0) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 17 (32.7) | 0.94 (0.61, 1.46) | 1.09 (0.72, 1.63) | 9 (34.6) | 1.02 (0.55, 1.90) | 0.97 (0.55, 1.71) | 8 (30.8) | 0.88 (0.47, 1.63) | 1.21 (0.69, 2.15) |
| Difficulty Accessing Harm Reduction Services due to Childcare | |||||||||
| No | 79 (32.2) | Ref | Ref | 29 (31.9) | Ref | Ref | 50 (32.5) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 12 (57.1) | 1.77 (1.17, 2.68) | 1.53 (1.05, 2.23) | 5 (55.6) | 1.74 (0.90, 3.37) | 1.61 (0.83, 3.11) | 7 (58.3) | 1.80 (1.06, 3.05) | 1.48 (0.91, 2.40) |
| Opioid Overdose in Past Month | |||||||||
| Child Stayed with Them in Past Month | |||||||||
| No | 51 (27.3) | Ref | Ref | 15 (24.2) | Ref | Ref | 26 (28.8) | Ref | Ref1. |
| Yes | 25 (32.5) | 1.19 (0.80, 1.77) | 1.17 (0.78, 1.76) | 9 (25.0) | 1.03 (0.50, 2.12) | 1.10 (0.52, 2.36) | 16 (39.0) | 1.36 (0.84, 2.17) | 20 (0.75, 1.92) |
| Avoided Drug Treatment for Fear of Child Welfare Involvement | |||||||||
| No | 61 (28.6) | Ref | Ref | 18 (24.7) | Ref | Ref | 43 (30.7) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 15 (28.8) | 1.01 (0.62, 1.62) | 1.04 (0.65, 1.65) | 6 (23.1) | 0.94 (0.42, 2.10) | 1.02 (0.45, 2.33) | 9 (34.6) | 1.13 (0.63, 2.02) | 1.05 (0.60, 1.83) |
| Difficulty Accessing Harm Reduction Services due to Childcare | |||||||||
| No | 69 (28.3) | Ref | Ref | 21 (23.3) | Ref | Ref | 48 (31.2) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 7 (33.3) | 1.18 (0.62, 2.23) | 1.14 (0.60, 2.13) | 3 (33.3) | 1.43 (0.53, 3.88) | 1.33 (0.45, 3.91) | 4 (33.3) | 1.07 (0.46, 2.46) | 1.02 (0.48, 2.17) |
⁎
Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, New York City borough of residence, current homelessness, injected opioids in the past 30 days.