FIGURE 5.

Influence of palmitic amide-mediated energy metabolism on virus infection. (A) Influence of palmitic amide on the activity of acetate kinase. The acetate kinase was incubated with palmitic amide at different concentrations. Then the enzymatic activity was examined. DMSO was included in the assays as a control. (B) Role of sodium acetate in tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). Geobacillus sp. E263 was added with different concentrations of sodium acetate. Twenty four hours later, the bacterial citrate synthase activity was determined. PBS was used as a control. (C) Impact of palmitic amide on the citrate synthase activity. Geobacillus sp. E263 was added with 10 or 100 μM of palmitic amide and then cultured at 60°C for 24 h. DMSO was used a control. The bacterial citrate synthase activity was examined. (D) Effects of the palmitic amide-mediated TCA cycle on virus infection. The GVE2-infected Geobacillus sp. E263 was added with sodium acetate at different concentrations (500 μM, 1 mM, and 10 mM). At different time after treatment, the GVE2 copies were determined using quantitative real-time PCR. PBS was used as a control. (E) Model for the palmitic amide-mediated energy metabolism in virus infection. In all panels, the statistical significance of difference between treatments was indicated with asterisks (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01).