Table 2.

Urethral reconstruction in patients.

Scaffold Type	Unseeded/Seeded	Patients’ Age	Results	Reference
Collagen matrix obtained from bladder submucosa	Unseeded	4–20 years	Successful in 3 of 4 patients	[47]
Collagen matrix obtained from bladder submucosa	Unseeded	22–61 years	Successful in 24 of 28 patients	[79]
BAM	Unseeded	21–59 years	The success rate was 89% in the case of patients with only one or no previous interventions. The success rate was 33.3% in the case of patients with two or more previous operations.	[80]
SIS	Unseeded	3–18 years	Seventy percent of patients were completely dry (85% in females and 43% in males).	[116]
SIS	Unseeded	61–68 years	Unsuccessful, perhaps due to non-acellularity of SIS scaffold	[87]
SIS	Unseeded	20–74 years	85% success	[89]
SIS	Unseeded	45–73 years	80% success	[90]
SIS	Unseeded	1.5–15 years	Nine of twelve patients voided normally. Six patients had no further interventions and three had small fistulae. In three patients the graft failed.	[91]
Acellular dermal matrix	Seeded with bladder urothelium cells	14–44 months	All patients could void normally. Only one patient developed stricture. Two patients developed a fistula, and one developed an obstruction.	[93]
Acellular dermis matrix	Seeded with UCs	6–8 years	Urinary flow curves were bell-shaped in all but one. Patients with severe hypospadias have high complication rates.	[94]
PTFE	Unseeded	1.5–14 years	One patient developed fistula and all patients developed mild stenosis.	[107]
PGA:PLGA	Seeded with UCs and SMCs	10–14 years	Scaffolds remained functional without fistula and urinary infections.	[112]