Table 3.
In vivo tests in animal models for urinary bladder reconstruction.
| Scaffold Type | Unseeded/Seeded | Animal Model | Tissue Regeneration | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polyvinyl sponge | Unseeded | dog | The sponge failed to incorporate with normal bladder tissue by firm fibrous union. | [126] |
| Teflon | Unseeded | dog | Regeneration of urothelium and not muscle. | [130] |
| BAM | Unseeded | rat | Regeneration of urothelium, blood vessels, smooth muscle, and nerves. Significantly increased bladder capacity and compliance in group injected with NGF and VEGF. | [68] |
| BAM | Unseeded | rat | Regeneration of urothelium, smooth muscles, and nerve fibers. | [120] |
| BAM | Unseeded | rat | Regeneration of urothelium, smooth muscle and nerves, and improvement of voiding function. | [121] |
| BAM | Seeded with ASCs | rat | Greater bladder capacity compared with unseeded group and significantly more nerve cells. | [148] |
| BAM | Unseeded + PDGF-BB and VEGF | rabbit | Better contractility, smooth muscle regeneration, and vascularization in comparison with control group with no growth factors. | [147] |
| Bladder submucosa | Seeded with UCs and SMCs | dog | Increase in bladder capacity and normal cell organization of urothelium and smooth muscle. | [146] |
| Decellularized urinary bladder | Unseeded | rabbit | No fibrosis and inflammatory changes when scaffolds were not in direct contact with urine. | [149] |
| SF + BAM | Unseeded | rat | Urothelium, smooth muscle, blood vessel, and nerve regeneration. | [150] |
| SF | Unseeded | mouse | Urothelium and smooth muscle regeneration. | [152] |
| SF | Unseeded | pig | Urothelium and smooth muscle regeneration. | [154] |
| SF and SIS | Unseeded | rat | Urothelium and smooth muscle regeneration. Support of innervation and vascularization. | [155] |
| SIS vs. BAM | Unseeded | rat | Urothelium and smooth muscle regeneration. De novo innervation and vascularization. | [153] |
| ATM, bovine pericardium, placental membrane, SIS | Unseeded | minipig | Multilayer transitional epithelium in the central portion of SIS. Partial flattened epithelium in ATM graft. No epithelium was found associated with the placental graft, although a few wisps of lamina propria smooth muscle were detected. | [141] |
| SIS | Unseeded | pig | Small muscle bundles with significant fibrosis. No improvement in bladder capacity and compliance. | [142] |
| SIS | Seeded with human embryonic cells | rat | Complete regeneration. | [145] |
| SIS | Unseeded | rat | Regeneration of urothelium and smooth muscle. | [138] |
| SIS | Unseeded and seeded with stem cells derived from bone marrow | rat | Urothelium, smooth muscle, and nerve regeneration. | [143] |
| SIS | Unseeded | dog | Regeneration of mucosa, smooth muscle, and serosa layers. | [138] |
| SIS | Unseeded | lamb | Neovascularization. | [139] |
| SIS | Seeded with bone marrow MSCs | primate | Smooth muscle regeneration. | |
| Gel spun silk-based matrix | Unseeded | mouse | Urothelium and smooth muscle regeneration. | [151] |
| Acellular dermal biomatrix | Unseeded | Pig | Fibrosis and disorganized blood vessels. | [156] |
| Type I collagen scaffold | Unseeded | sheep | Normal tissue regeneration. | [157] |
| Fibrin layer laminated between two collagen sheets | Unseeded + IGF-1 | rat | Smooth muscle regeneration. | [158] |
| Collagen scaffold | Seeded with UCs and SMCs | minipig | Urothelium and muscle regeneration. | [159] |