Table 4.

Urinary bladder reconstruction in patients.

Scaffold Type	Unseeded/Seeded	Patients’ Age	Results	Reference
Plastic mold	Unseeded	38–64 years	No tissue regeneration. Contracted bladder.	[123]
Plastic mold	Unseeded	65 years	Complete urothelium formation, no muscle formation.	[124]
Plastic mold	Unseeded	Not reported	Complete urothelium formation, no muscle formation.	[125]
Gelatin sponge	Unseeded	Not reported	Decrease in bladder capacity, urinary incontinence, vesicoureteral reflux.	[127]
Gelatin sponge + nobecutane	Unseeded	15–46 years	Hydroureteronephrosis urinary leakage.	[128]
Japanese paper + nobecutane	Unseeded	19–52 years	Regeneration of urothelium and muscle. Normal bladder capacity and micturition in patients with tuberculous contracted bladders and not effective in patients with interstitial cystitis.	[129]
Lyophilized dura	Unseeded	9–51 years	Complete regeneration of urothelium, but week smooth muscle. No complications.	[133]
Bovine pericardium	Unseeded	67 years	No complications.	[132]
SIS	Unseeded	8–17 years	Complete urothelium regeneration and partial smooth muscle regeneration. No complications.	[131]
Decellularized bladder submucosa and composite scaffold made of collagen and PGA	Seeded with UCs and SMCs and wrapped in omentum	4–19 years	Urothelium and smooth muscle regeneration. Decrease in leaking point pressure and increasing of volume and compliance. No calculi.	[34]
PGA/PLA	Seeded with UCs and SMCs	3–16 years	No improvement in bladder capacity. Bladder rupture occurred.	[122]