Table 3.
Summary of immunotherapy for gastrointestinal cancers.
| Immunotherapy Modality. | Agents |
|---|---|
| Immune checkpoint inhibitors | |
| Pancreatic cancer | |
| PD-1 inhibitors | Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab |
| PD-L1 inhibitors | |
| CTLA-4 | Tremelimumab, Ipillimumab |
| Gastric cancer | |
| PD-1 inhibitors | Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab |
| PD-L1 inhibitors | Atezolizumab |
| CTLA-4 | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | |
| PD-1 inhibitors | Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab |
| PD-L1 inhibitors | Atezolizumab |
| CTLA-4 | |
| Colorectal cancer | |
| PD-1 inhibitors | Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab |
| PD-L1 inhibitors | |
| CTLA-4 | Ipillimumab |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | |
| PD-1 inhibitors | Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Bintrafuspalfa |
| PD-L1 inhibitors | Durvalumab |
| CTLA-4 | Tremelimumab, Ipillimumab |
| Cancer vaccines | |
| Pancreatic cancer | Gvax, Peptide vaccines, mKras vaccine, CV301, GI-4000 |
| Gastric cancer | PAS-vaccination |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | HEPAVAC, dendritic cell vaccine (DC vaccine), glypican-3 (GPC3) vaccine |
| Colorectal cancer | Talimogene laherparepvec vaccine |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | DC-based vaccines |
| Oncolytic viral therapy | |
| Pancreatic cancer | Adeno-associated viruses (AVV), Herpes Simplex Virus-1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), HSV1716, R3616, vaccinia virus, rabbit-MYXV poxvirus |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | HSV-1-based, adenovirus-based (CNHK500, ONYX-015, AD, ZD55-IFN-β, Smac/ZD55-TRAIL), vaccinia-based (JX-594 therapy) |
| Adaptive cell therapy | |
| Pancreatic cancer | Targets: MUC1, mesothelin, and CEA, FAP, HER2, PSCA, CD24, |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | cytokine-induced killer cells (CIKS), bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), CAR-T cell treatment |
| Colorectal cancer | CAR-T cells treatment |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | CAR-T cells against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and CD133 |