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Effect of TOP-N53 in primary skin cells. (a) Dual mechanism of action of TOP-N53 acting as NO-donor and PDE5 inhibitor increasing cGMP levels to promote wound healing. (b) Chemical formula of TOP-N53. (c) Viability assay of primary NHF and (d) NHK with increasing concentrations of TOP-N53 at 24 h and 48 h. Data represented as mean ± s.e. (n = 3). * p ≤ 0.05 and ** p ≤ 0.01 using one-way ANOVA with a Dunnet test post-hoc analysis.
