Table 7.

Summary of the outcomes of the records.

Source	Outcomes
[78]	When conducting a computer task, participants had a smaller SBP increase with the presence of plants than without plants. After accomplishing the task, the participants also exhibited a faster SBP decrease when plants were present than when plants were absent. Participants’ reaction time was 12% faster when plants were present than when they were absent.
[53]	Participants had the lowest productivity when the office was furnished with 22 potted plants, whereas the highest productivity was observed when no plants were present.
[84]	Participants had a significantly lower search error rate with indoor greening than without indoor greening.
[80]	The percentage of participants putting their hands in ice water for more than 5 min was higher with the presence of plants than without plants.
[83]	Female participants’ decreases in EEG β waves and EDA were significantly faster when red-flowering geraniums were present than when flowerless geraniums were present and when plants were absent.
[70]	Male participants had a lower score in the association task than their female counterparts when plants were absent, whereas female participants had higher scores on the sorting task regardless of the presence or absence of plants.
[69]	Female participants’ EEG β waves and EDA were significantly lower when flower arrangements were present than when flower arrangements were absent.
[85]	Participants’ time of hand immersion in ice water was significantly longer when green-leaf and flowering plants were simultaneously present than when only green-leaf plants or flowering plants were in the room and when plants were not in the room. Participants’ EDA was significantly lower when the plants were in the room than when the plants were not in the room.
[71]	Female participants showed significantly higher scores of the association task than male participants in the three interventions. Female participants had significantly higher scores of the association task when plants were present than when the magazine-rack was present.
[72]	Participants had the greatest effect of EEG β waves when viewing the slide of the office with a nature window view and indoor plants than other slides.
[55]	A weak but significant correlation was observed between the number of potted plants and sick leave days in the workplace.
[68]	The increased humidity of the indoor potted plants improved the vagus-induced sympathovagal balance of the heart of the participant.
[63]	Participants’ frequency of pain killer consumption, SBP, and heart rate were significantly lower when plants were in the room than when plants were not in the room.
[67]	Participants’ frequency of visiting the school infirmary was significantly lower when plants were in the room than when plants were not in the room.
[86]	Participants’ grade point averages wer significantly higher when plants were present than when plants were absent.
[65]	Participants’ sick leave hours and misconduct were significantly less when plants were present than when plants were absent.
[64]	Participants’ frequency of pain killer use and hospitalization days were significantly lower when plants were in the room than when plants were not in the room.
[87]	Participants’ attention improved significantly from the baseline to after the proofreading task was completed when plants were present, whereas no improvement was noted when plants were absent.
[66]	Participants who took care of plants had greater academic achievement than those who did not.
[73]	Red, yellow, and green plants significantly reduced participants’ DBP and fingertip pulse. Red, purple, and yellow plants significantly reduced participants’ fingertip pulse. Changes in fingertip pulse were more significant in male participants than in female participants.
[74]	Except for yellow African daisies, the other flowers significantly reduced participants’ SBP. Pink and white African daisies, pink and white carnations, and pink and white roses significantly reduced participants’ DBP.
[88]	Male participants spent significantly more time looking at white Hedera helix L. than at the dark green variety. Female participants had a greater frequency of looking at yellow-green plants than looking at dark green and green-white plants.
[89]	Male participants spent significantly more time looking at green plants than at red-green ones. The number of fixings at red–green plants was greater than at green and white–green plants. Female participants spent significantly more time looking at green and red–green plants and with greater frequency than green–white plants.
[79]	Relative to green plants with white, yellow, pink, and red flowers, green-leaf plants resulted in a greater increase in participants’ relative slow α power, relative fast α power, relative low β power, and relative moderate β power spectra. By contrast, green-leaf plants with yellow flowers increased participants’ relative θ power spectrum.
[58]	Participants spent less time completing the vigilance and information processing tasks when plants were present than when plants were absent.
[81]	Participants had a significantly higher δ waves and significantly lower α and β waves when plants were present than when plants were absent.
[82]	After transplanting plants, participants had a significantly lower DBP than their counterparts did after a computer operation task.
[54]	The indoor nature contact during work was significantly negatively correlated with sick leave days.
[61]	The percentage of patients with stable blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate, and body temperature was significantly higher in the ward with plants than in the one without plants. These patients also received a significantly lower dose of pain killers and had significantly shorter hospitalization.
[90]	Yellow–green Hedera helix L. received more attention than did the plants of other colors.
[91]	Participants had lower heart rate in the room when the plants were present than when the plants were not present.
[77]	Participants had a significantly faster reaction rate when plants were present than when plants were absent.
[75]	In both the actual and virtual environments with plants, participants exhibited greater changes in SBP, DBP, and EDA than in the plantless environment. They also had greater performance in the visual backward digit span task in the plant setting.
[57]	Participants had the least flicker fusion frequency (eye fatigue) when flowering plants were provided than with other plants and controls.
[60]	Participants had significantly lower SBP and a significant increase in the amplitude of high β waves when plants were present than when plants were absent.
[76]	Participants without houseplants had significantly higher SBP and heart rate than those with houseplants.
[59]	Participants had a significantly greater proportion of significantly decreased pulse rate when the plant was present than when the plant was absent.
[56]	Participants had a significant increase in α relative waves in the prefrontal and occipital lobes and in parasympathetic nervous activity when the plant was present than when the plant was absent.
[92]	There were significant differences between the two horticultural activities and between the pretest and the posttest.
[62]	There were significant differences between the experimental and the control groups in heart rate variability (standard deviation of the NN intervals, root mean square of the successive differences, low frequency, high frequency, and low frequency/high frequency). Within the treatment, male participants’ standard deviation of the NN intervals was significantly different between sowing and transplanting seedlings.
[93]	Participants had a significantly lower heart rate after sowing, transplanting seedlings, and potting succulents. Among the four kinds of horticultural activities, sowing yielded the greatest heart rate reduction while herbal flower potting was the worst.
[94]	Participants had significantly fewer errors and faster time of task completion when the plants and pictures were present than when they were absent.

SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; EEG: electroencephalography; EDA: electrodermal activity.