Table 2.
Results from MR studies involving non-traditional stroke risk factors.
| Exposure | AIS | LAS | CES | SVS | References | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep Duration | [57,61,63] | ||||||||
| Sleep Duration | short (<7 h) | [63,64,65] | |||||||
| Sleep Duration | Long (≥9 h) | [63,64,65] | |||||||
| Continuous sleep | [65] | ||||||||
| Chronotype (morningness) | [65] | ||||||||
| Insomnia symptoms | [65] | ||||||||
| Alcohol | [57,66,67] | ||||||||
| Tea | [68] | ||||||||
| Coffee | [57,69] | ||||||||
| PUFA | Linoleic acid (LA) | - | [70] | ||||||
| Arachidonic acid (AA) | - | - | - | ||||||
| α-linolenic acid (ALA) | - | - | - | ||||||
| Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) | - | - | - | ||||||
| Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) | - | - | - | ||||||
| Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) | - | - | - | ||||||
| Urine sodium | [71] | ||||||||
| Serum magnesium | [72] | ||||||||
| Serum calcium | [72] | ||||||||
| Iron status | Iron | [73] | |||||||
| Ferritin | |||||||||
| Transferrin saturation | |||||||||
| Transferrin | |||||||||
| Serum bilirubin levels | EAS | - | - | - | [74] | ||||
| Uric acid | [75] | ||||||||
| Thyroid hormones | Thyrotropin (TSH) | - | - | - | [76] | ||||
| Free thyroxine (FT4) | - | - | - | ||||||
| Serum testosterone | - | - | - | [77] | |||||
| Vitamin D (25OHD) | - | - | - | [78,79] | |||||
| Vitamin K1 | [80] | ||||||||
| Vitamin C | [81,82,83] | ||||||||
| Homocysteine | [84,85,86] | ||||||||
| Hemostasis traits | FVIII activity | [87] | |||||||
| FVIII antigen | |||||||||
| FXI activity | |||||||||
| FXI | [88] | ||||||||
| Gamma fibrinogen | [87] | ||||||||
| TAFI-AP antigen | |||||||||
| Hematological traits | Plateletcrit | [87] | |||||||
| platelet count | [87,89] | ||||||||
| Eosinophil percentage | [87] | ||||||||
| Inflammatory | CRP | [90,91,92] | |||||||
| Biomarkers | TIM-1 | - | - | - | [93] | ||||
| sIL-6R | [91] | ||||||||
| Matrix Metalloproteinases | MMP-1 | [94] | |||||||
| MMP-8 | |||||||||
| MMP-12 | |||||||||
| Circulating cytokines | IL-1ra | [91,95] | |||||||
| and growth factors | IL-2ra | [95,96] | |||||||
| IL-5 | [96] | ||||||||
| IL-6 | [95] | ||||||||
| IL-10 | [96] | ||||||||
| IL-12p70 | [96] | ||||||||
| IL-16 | [95,96] | ||||||||
| IL-17 | [95,96] | ||||||||
| IL-18 | [95,96] | ||||||||
| CTACK | [96] | ||||||||
| BNGF | |||||||||
| Eotaxin | |||||||||
| GDF-15 | [97] | ||||||||
| GRO-α | [96] | ||||||||
| HGF | |||||||||
| IP-10 | |||||||||
| MCP-1 | |||||||||
| MIF | |||||||||
| MIG | |||||||||
| MIP-1b | |||||||||
| PDGF-bb | |||||||||
| SCF | |||||||||
| SCGF-b | |||||||||
| TNF | [98] | ||||||||
| TNF-β | [96] | ||||||||
| TRAIL | |||||||||
| VEGF | |||||||||
| Genetically downregulated IL-6 signaling | [92] | ||||||||
| NO signaling | - | - | - | [8] | |||||
| Gut microbiota dependent metabolites | - | - | - | [99] | |||||
| Major depressive disorder | [100] | ||||||||
| Depression | - | - | - | [101] | |||||
| Migraine | [102] | ||||||||
| Education | [57,103,104,105] | ||||||||
| Metabolic signature of Mediterranean diet | - | - | - | [106] | |||||
| Lower birth weight | [107] | ||||||||
| Height | - | - | - | [108] | |||||
| Resting heart rate | [109] | ||||||||
| Impaired renal function | [110] | ||||||||
| Periodontitis | [111] | ||||||||
| Telomere length | EAS | [112,113] | |||||||
| High risk (HR) | Low risk (LR) | no evidence | |||||||
| Inconsistent HR assoc. | Inconsistent LR assoc. | Not studied | - | ||||||
AIS, all ischaemic stroke; LAS, large artery stroke; CES, cardioembolic stroke; SVS, small vessel stroke; EAS, East Asian population; 25OHD, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; BNGF, beta nerve growth factor; CRP, C reactive protein; CTACK, cutaneous T-cell-attracting chemokine; FXI, coagulation factor XI; GDF-15, growth differentiation factor-15; GRO-α, growth-regulated oncogene alpha; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; IL, interleukin; IL, interleukin; IL-1ra, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist; IL-2ra, interleukin 2 receptor antagonist; IP-10, interferon gamma-induced protein 10 MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor; MIG, monokine induced by gamma interferon; MIP-1b, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta; PDGF-bb, platelet-derived growth factor-bb; PUFA, poly-unsaturated fatty acids; SCF, stem cell factor; SCGF-b, stem cell growth factor beta; sIL-6R, soluble interleukin 6 receptor; TAFI-AP, thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor activation peptide; TIM-1, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; NO, nitric oxide.