Table 3.
Mentioned studies assessing the microbiota-gut-brain axis in ischaemic stroke.
| Study Design | Results | |
|---|---|---|
| Xu et al., 2021 [196] | Gut microbiome studied in two human clinical cohorts. Mouse stroke model for ischaemic using a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). | Gut dysbiosis both in humans and mice after the ischaemic stroke. This dysbiosis is characterized by an overgrowth of Enterobacteriaceae. |
| Zhu et al., 2016 [197] | Association between plasma TMAO levels and incident thrombotic event risk in humans. Mouse stroke model using germ-free mice to confirm the role of TMAO modulating thrombosis. | Higher levels of TMAO predict incident risk for thrombotic events (myocardial infarction and stroke) in humans. |
| Singh et al., 2016 [198] | Gut microbiome studied in germ-free mice and mice models of MCAO. Fecal transplantation experiments. | Post-stroke dysbiosis is characterized by a reduced diversity and a Bacteroidetes overgrowth. Transplantation of fecal microbiota improves stroke outcome. |
| Haak et al., 2021 [201] | Prospective case-control study using ischaemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients and controls. | Disruption of gut microbiota during ischaemic and hemorrhagic stroke, characterized by an enrichment of bacteria implicated in TMAO production and a decrease of butyrate-producing bacteria. |
| Wang et al., 2018 [202] | Gut microbiome studied using fecal samples of healthy subjects and cerebral infarction (CI) patients. | CI patients have higher levels of Gammaproteobacteria and lower levels of Bacteroidia, which is correlated with ApoE levels in the serum. |
| Gu et al., 2021 [203] | Structure of fecal microbiome studied in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) patients with minor and non-minor stroke. | Relative abundance of Roseburia is associated with severity of the AIS and short-term and long-term outcome. |
| Tan et al., 2021 [204] | Gut microbiome and SCFA studied in AIS patients and healthy controls. | AIS patients are characterized by a lack of SCFAs-producing bacteria. AIS patients have lower levels of SCFAs, which is negatively correlated with stroke severity and prognosis. |
| Lee et al., 2020 [207] | Fecal transplant using a mouse model for ischaemic stroke induced with MCAO. | Fecal transplant from young mice to aged MCAO mice can improve stroke recovery by modulating the immunologic, microbial, and metabolomic profiles in the host. |