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. 2022 Jun 9;9:871291. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.871291

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Copyright © 2022 Wang, Tang, Jin, Zhong, Zhang, Han, Liu, Cheng, Hou, Shi, Qi, Qian, Yuan, Hou, Yin, Liang, Zhao, Huang and Qu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) DR (including NPDR and PDR) versus T2DM in the positive mode. (B) DR (including NPDR and PDR) versus T2DM in the negative mode. (C) DR versus non-DR in the positive mode. (D) DR versus non-DR in the negative mode. Metabolic features were significantly increased (red dots) or decreased (green dots) in the volcano maps based on log2 (FC) and −log10 (p-value) of metabolites. (A) and (B) The volcano map, respectively, showed that 96 and 113 features were significantly different in positive and negative modes between DR patients (n = 30) and T2DM patients (n = 15). (C) and (D) The volcano map, respectively, showed that 112 and 86 features were significantly different in positive and negative modes between DR patients (n = 30) and non-DR patients (n = 30).