TABLE 3.

KEGG enrichment pathways altered in PDR patients compared with T2DM patients.

Pathway	Overlapping features	Pathway size	p-value
Arginine biosynthesis	8	14	1.7 × 10−8
Alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism	8	28	1.1 × 10−5
Linoleic acid metabolism	3	5	6.9 × 10−4
d-Glutamine and d-glutamate metabolism	3	6	1.3 × 10−3
Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis	7	48	3.4 × 10−3
Butanoate metabolism	3	15	0.023
Nitrogen metabolism	2	6	0.024
Histidine metabolism	3	16	0.028
Tricarboxylic acid cycle	3	20	0.043

With p-value ≤ 0.05, nine metabolism pathways including arginine biosynthesis (p = 1.7 × 10−8), alanine, aspartate and glutamate (p = 1.1 × 10−5), linoleic acid (p = 6.9 × 10−4), d-glutamine and d-glutamate (p = 1.3 × 10−3), aminoacyl-tRNA, biosynthesis (p = 3.4 × 10−3), butanoate (p = 0.023), nitrogen (p = 0.024), histidine (p = 0.028), and tricarboxylic acid cycle (p = 0.049) were considered to be the significant KEGG enrichment pathways. Overlapping features represent the number of metabolites enriched in the pathway, while pathway size describes the total number of metabolites in each pathway.