Table 1.
Antimicrobial activity of graphene derivatives on different microorganisms.
| Microorganisms | Type | Nanomaterial | Evaluation Method | Dose | Antimicrobial Activity | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacillus subtilis | Gram-positive bacteria | rGO | Optical density | 1 × 1 cm2 graphene-based membrane | No growth detected | [38] |
| rGO | Agar well diffusion | 0.1–0.8 mg/mL | 1–3.5 mm | [39] | ||
| GO | Microdilution | 25–200 μg/μL | 48.86–91.40% | [40] | ||
| Escherichia coli | Gram-negative bacteria | GO | Colony counting | 40 μg/mL | 69.3 ± 6.1% | [41] |
| rGO | Colony counting | 40 μg/mL | 45.9 ± 4.8% | [41] | ||
| GO | Colony counting | 25–150 μg/mL | 18–87% | [20] | ||
| rGO | Colony counting | 25–150 μg/mL | 14–81 | [20] | ||
| GO | Colony counting | 3 mg/mL | 80% | [42] | ||
| rGO | Agar well diffusion | 0.1–0.8 mg/mL | 2–5 mm | [39] | ||
| GO | Agar well diffusion | 1 μg/μL | 39 mm | [43] | ||
| GO | Optical density | 62.5–500 μg/mL | ~40–95% | [44] | ||
| Fusarium graminearum | Fungal | GO | Germination spores | 10–500 μg/mL | 21.66–85.48% | [45] |
| Fusarium oxysporum | Fungal | GO | Germination spores | 10–500 μg/mL | 17.31–81.16% | [45] |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Gram-negative bacteria | GO | Agar well diffusion | 1 μg/μL | 41 mm | [43] |
| GO | Microdilution | 25–200 μg/μL | 50.76–92.80% | [40] | ||
| GO | Optical density | 62.5–500 μg/mL | 71.8–96.8% | [44] | ||
| Proteus mirabilis | Gram-negative bacteria | GO | Agar well diffusion | 1 μg/μL | 27 mm | [43] |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Gram-negative bacteria | GO | Optical density | 25–200 µg/mL | 0–100% | [46] |
| rGO | Optical density | 25–200 µg/mL | 0–100% | [46] | ||
| GO | Growth curve | 1–5 mg/mL | Up to 78.7% | [47] | ||
| rGO | Growth curve | 1–3 mg/mL | 90.3–93.3% | [47] | ||
| GO | Agar well diffusion | 1 μg/μL | 38 mm | [43] | ||
| rGO | Optical density | 1 × 1 cm2 graphene-based membrane | No growth detected | [38] | ||
| GO | Optical density | 62.5–500 μg/mL | ~30–Above 95% | [44] | ||
| Pseudomonas syringae | Gram-negative bacteria | GO | Optical density | 10–500 μg/mL | 5–88.8% | [45] |
| Salmonella typhi | Gram-negative bacteria | GO | Microdilution | 25–200 μg/μL | 44.28–90.71% | [40] |
| Serratia marcescens | Gram-negative bacteria | GO | Agar well diffusion | 1 μg/μL | 39 mm | [43] |
| Staphylococcus aureus | Gram-positive bacteria | GO | Growth curve | 1–3 mg/mL | Up to 93.7% | [47] |
| rGO | Growth curve | 1–3 mg/mL | Up to 48.6% | [47] | ||
| GO | Agar well diffusion | 1 μg/μL | 38 mm | [43] | ||
| GO | Microdilution | 25–200 μg/μL | 51.36–92.12% | [40] | ||
| Streptococcus mutans | Gram-positive bacteria | GO | Colony counting | 12.5–50 μg/mL | Up to 80% | [48] |
| Xanthomonas campestris pv. Undulosa | Gram-negative bacteria | GO | Optical density | 10–500 μg/mL | 6.96–86.8% | [45] |