Table 3.
The distribution of the variables in the survivors vs. non-survivors groups.
| Variable | Survivors, N = 505 |
Non-Survivors, N = 48 |
AUROC (CI 95%) * or RR (CI 95%) ** |
p-Value | Missing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotics during hospitalisation, N (%) | 272 (53.9) | 39 (81.2) | 3.37 (1.7–6.8) | <0.001 | |
| Prescription reason: yes, N (%) | 223 (82) | 30 (77) | 2 (0.8–4.9) | 0.124 | |
| Prescription reason: no, N (%) | 49 (18) | 9 (23) | 6.1 (1.9–19.1) | 0.001 | |
| Gender, female, N (%) | 250 (49.5) | 20 (41.7) | 1.3 (0.8–2.3) | 0.375 | |
| Age, median (min, max) | 67 (18–94) | 74 (50–91) | 0.642 (0.567–0.716) | 0.001 | |
| Charlson comorbidity index, median (min, max) |
4 (0–12) | 4.5 (1–11) | 0.645 (0.567–0.724) | 0.001 | |
| COVID-19 severity (ordinal variable) | <0.001 | ||||
| Mild | 41 (8.1) | 3 (6.2) | |||
| Moderate | 290 (57.4) | 7 (14.6) | |||
| Severe | 174 (34.5) | 38 (79.2) | |||
| Pulmonary involvement $, % (min, max) |
40 (0–95) | 70 (0–95) | 0.662 (0.526–0.797) | 0.007 | |
| Pulmonary embolism, N (%) | 13 (2.6) | 1 (2.1) | 0.8 (0.1–5.5) | 1 | |
| SpO2_admission, median (min, max) |
93 (60–99) | 89.5 (58–99) | 0.610 (0.518–0.701) | 0.012 | 4 |
| SpO2_at ATB prescription, median (min, max) | 93 (53, 99) | 86.5 (56, 99) | 0.660 (0.555–0.764) | 0.001 | 66 |
| Positive microbiology, N (%) | 81 (29.8) | 14 (35.9) | 0.460 | ||
| Appropriate ATB, N (%) | 74 (27.2) | 3 (7.7) | 0.23 (0.08–0.7) | 0.009 | |
| Corticotherapy, N (%) | 395 (78.2) | 36 (75) | 0.85 (0.46–1.6) | 0.588 | |
| Tocilizumab, N (%) | 28 (5.5) | 6 (12.5) | 2.2 (0.99–4.76) | 0.105 | |
| Anakinra, N (%) | 73 (14.5) | 16 (33.3) | 2.6 (1.5–4.5) | 0.001 | |
| Antiviral | 11 (22.9) | 179 (35.4) | 0.111 | ||
| CRP at admission, median (min, max) |
55.7 (0.2–397.6) | 80.2 (1.95–390.6) | 0.583 (0.492–0.673) | 0.060 | 9 |
| CRP at ATB prescription, median (min, max) | 60.4 (0.2–385.3) | 86.5 (7.7–390.6) | 0.616 (0.536–0.697) | 0.011 | 58 |
| IL-6 at admission, median (min, max) |
30.2 (1–1406) | 58.2 (7–656) | 0.640 (0.536–0.743) | 0.016 | 242 |
| Leukocytes at admission, median (min, max) | 7200 (1060–40,930) | 8265 (2570–23,510) | 0.591 (0.502–0.681) | 0.037 | 9 |
| Leukocytes at ATB prescription, median (min, max) | 7670 (1060–29,760) | 10180 (2570–28,570) | 0.618 (0.527–0.710) | 0.009 | 62 |
| Neutrophils at admission, median (min, max) | 5440 (650–36,790) | 7135 (1120–20,410) | 0.624 (0.539–0.709) | 0.005 | 10 |
| Neutrophils at ATB prescription, median (min, max) | 6000 (650–24,690) | 7810 (1800–26,400) | 0.652 (0.567–0.738) | 0.001 | 62 |
| Lymphocytes at admission, median (min, max) | 1000 (160–6470) | 880 (150–5930) | 0.606 (0.523–0.690) | 0.015 | 10 |
| Lymphocytes at ATB prescription, median (min, max) | 1050 (160–4100) | 850 (150–5930) | 0.629 (0.541–0.717) | 0.005 | 63 |
| NLR at admission, median (min, max) | 5.26 (0.29–60.8) | 8.66 (0.69–84) | 0.678 (0.604–0.753) | <0.001 | 11 |
| NLR at ATB prescription, median (min, max) | 5.42 (0.45–56) | 9.13 (1.18–86.33) | 0.698 (0.620–0.776) | <0.001 | 63 |
| D-dimers at admission, median (min, max) | 0.8 (0.1–15.4) | 1.15 (0.1–7.2) | 0.574 (0.481–0.667) | 0.109 | 78 |
| D-dimers highest value, median (min, max) | 1.1 (0.1–20) | 4.4 (0.5–20) | 0.813 (0.744–0.882) | <0.001 | 74 |
| D-dimers at ATB prescription, median (min, max) | 0.7 (0.1–20) | 1.9 (0.2–20) | 0.677 (0.580–0.774) | <0.001 | 137 |
| Urea at admission, median (min, max) | 41 (11–189) | 60.3 (7–129) | 0.669 (0.591–0.748) | <0.001 | 17 |
AUROC—area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, CI—confidence interval, RR—relative risk, ATB—antibiotic, SpO2—oxygen saturation levels, CRP—C-reactive protein, IL-6—interleukin-6, NLR—neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. $ Assessed in only one centre. Statistically significant values are marked in bold. We calculated * AUROC for quantitative variables and ** RR for qualitative dichotomous variables.