Table 2.
Pathogenic fungal species included in this review and the respective virulence factors directly regulated by histone modification enzymes.
| Fungal Classification | Fungal Species | Enzymes | Modifications | Virulence Factors | Ref. No. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phytopathogenic fungi | Aspergillus flavus | KMT4 | ND * | ND | [53] |
| Gcn5 | H3K14 ac | ND | [67] | ||
| Sas2 | H4K16 ac | aflatoxin | [83] | ||
| Sas3 | H3K14/K18/K23 ac | aflatoxin | [83] | ||
| Rtt109 | H3K9 ac | ND | [105] | ||
| Botrytis cinerea | KDM5 | H3K4deme | ND | [17] | |
| KMT1 | H3K9me | ND | [29] | ||
| KDM4 | H3K36deme | ND | [47] | ||
| Sas2 | H4K16 ac | ND | [79] | ||
| Rpd3 | H3K9/K14/K27 deac, H3K/H4K deac | ND | [118] | ||
| Colletotrichum higginsianum | CclA/COMPASS | H3K4me | ND | [23] | |
| Cochliobolus carbonum | Hos2 | ND | ND | [125] | |
| Fusarium fujikuroi | KMT2, KDM5 | H3K4me/deme | GA | [21] | |
| KMT3, Ash1 | H3K36me | GA | [43] | ||
| Hda1 | H3K9 deac | ND | [139] | ||
| Fusarium graminearum | KMT2 | H3K4me | DON | [20] | |
| KMT5 | H4K20me | ND | [56] | ||
| Gcn5 | H3K9/K18/K27 ac | DON | [68] | ||
| Sas3 | H3K4 ac | DON | [68] | ||
| Esa1 | H4K ac | ND | [94] | ||
| Hos2 | ND | ND | [126] | ||
| Fusarium mangiferae | KMT1 | H3K9me | ND | [31] | |
| Fusarium pseudograminearum | Dep1/Rpd3L | ND | ND | [117] | |
| Fusarium verticillioides | KMT1 | H3K9me | ND | [30] | |
| KMT3 | H3K36me | FB1 | [45] | ||
| Leptosphaeria maculans | KMT1 | H3K9me | Effectors (AvrLm1, AvrLm4-70) | [33] | |
| Magnaporthe oryzae | KMT2 | H3K4me | VelC, MgCONx2, MGG_04682 | [22] | |
| KMT6 | H3K27me | Effectors (BAS4, BAS2, AVR-Pi9, SLP1) | [38] | ||
| KMT5 | H4K20me | ND | [22] | ||
| Gcn5 | non-histone ac | Atg7 | [73] | ||
| Hat1 | non-histone ac | Atg3, Atg9 | [74] | ||
| Sas3 | ND | ND | [82] | ||
| Rpd3 | ND | ND | [119,120] | ||
| Hos2 | H3K18/H4K16 deac | ND | [130,131] | ||
| Sir2 | non-histone deac | Jmjc | [156] | ||
| Ustilago maydis | Gcn5 | ND | ND | [66] | |
| Hos2 | H4K16 deac | mating-type genes | [129] | ||
| Hda1 | ND | mig1 | [142,143] | ||
| Ustilaginoidea virens | KMT6 | H3K27me | Effectors (Uv8b_6470, Uv8b_2964, Uv8b_2286, Uv8b_3638, Uv8b_562) | [39] | |
| Entomopathogenic fungi | Beauveria bassiana | KMT2 | H3K4me | ND | [26] |
| KMT1 | H3K9me | ND | [28] | ||
| Gcn5 | H3K9/K14/K18/K27 ac | CDEP1, CDEP2 | [64] | ||
| Spt10 | H3K56 ac | ND | [65] | ||
| Sas3 | H3K14 ac | ND | [85] | ||
| Rtt109 | H3K56 ac | ND | [104] | ||
| Rpd3 | H3K9/K14/K27 deac, H4K12 deac | ND | [116] | ||
| Hos2 | H4K16 deac | ND | [132] | ||
| Sir2 | H3K9/K56 deac, H4K5/K12/K16 deac | ND | [157] | ||
| Metarhizium robertsii | KMT2 | H3K4me | Cre1 | [25] | |
| Sas3 | ND | ND | [84] | ||
| HAT1 | H3K4 ac | HDAC1 | [133] | ||
| HDAC1 | H3K56 deac | COH1 | [133] | ||
| Human opportunistic pathogens | Aspergillus fumigatus | Rtt109 | H3K9/K56 ac | ND | [103] |
| Rpd3 | ND | ND | [110] | ||
| Candida albicans | KMT2 | H3K4me | SOM1, TOM5 | [18] | |
| Gcn5 | non-histone ac | GlcNAc | [63] | ||
| Esa1 | H4K5/K12 ac | ND | [92] | ||
| Rtt109 | H3K56 ac | ND | [101,102] | ||
| Hos2/Set3C | ND | ND | [127,128] | ||
| Hda1, Rpd3 | non-histone deac | Hsp90 | [144] | ||
| Esa1/Hda1 | non-histone ac/deac | Eaf1 | [145] | ||
| Sir2 | ND | ND | [152] | ||
| Candida glabrata | Sir2 | ND | EPA1 | [153] | |
| Cryptococcus neoformans | KMT6 | H3K27me | ND | [36] | |
| Gcn5 | ND | Kre61 | [62] | ||
| Sir2 | ND | ND | [154,155] |
* ND, not detected; me, methylation; deme, demethylation; ac, acetylation; deac, deacetylation.