Table 1.

Survival of anhydrobiotes under various desiccation conditions.

Species	Desiccation Condition	Preconditioning	Survival Rate	Reference	Notes
Fungi
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Freeze-dryer for 3 days	2-week culture for stationary phase	~100% + 500 mM trehalose/~10% + 0 mM trehalose	Gadd et al., 1987 [12]	Intracellular trehalose was about 300 mM in the stationary phase
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Air, 30 °C, ~16 h	72 h culture (late postdiauxic phase)	~50%, BY4741	Ratnakumar and Tunnacliffe, 2006 [13]	Intracellular trehalose was about 140 mM at the late postdiauxic phase
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	60% RH, 23 °C, > 48 h	5-day culture to saturation	<20%, WT, 2 days dry	Tapia and Koshland, 2014 [14]	Yeast had only 600 μg/mL trehalose after 5-day culture. Half of the trehalose degraded during the 30-day desiccation period, and more than 90% by 180 days
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	60% RH, 23 °C, >48 h	-	~1%, TDH3pr-AGT1, +1% trehalose	Tapia et al., 2015 [15]	AGT1 can transport extracellular trehalose. In 1% trehalose, intracellular trehalose was 157 μg/mL
Nematode
Aphelenchus avenae	80% RH, 24 h; 40% RH, 24 h; 0% RH, 24 h	97% RH, 24–72 h	~50%	Higa et al., 1993 [16]	About 7% trehalose of dry weight under all preconditioning conditions
Caenorhabditis elegans	98% RH/23% RH/0% RH	98% RH, 4 days	~100%/~100%/~10%, daf-2	Erkut et al., 2011 [17]	Intracellular trehalose was about 400 mM after preconditioning
Caenorhabditis elegans	98% RH/23% RH/0% RH	-	~100%/~0%/~0%, daf-2	Erkut et al., 2011 [17]	Intracellular trehalose was about 80 mM without preconditioning
Rotifer
Adineta vaga	22 °C, 7 days	In a container at 22 °C, 24 h	~80%, adults/~60%, juvenile/>80%, egg	Ricci, 1998 [18]
Philodina roseola	Air (~33% RH), RT (~23 °C), 3 days	100% RH, 2 days	~75%, well fed	Lapinski and Tunnacliffe, 2003 [19]	Survival rate without preconditioning was less than 1%
Insect
Polypedilum vanderplanki	<5% RH, RT (24–26 °C), >48 h	-	100%	Watanabe et al., 2002 [20]	Trehalose was 35 μg/individual at 48 h
Polypedilum vanderplanki	5% RH	100% RH for first day, 76% RH for the second day, and 5% RH for a third day	91%	Sakurai et al., 2008 [21]	The survival rate without preconditioning was 0%. Trehalose: 277 μg/mg dry weight with preconditioning; 4.2 μg/mg without preconditioning
Polypedilum vanderplanki, Pv11	<10% RH, 25 °C, +600 mM trehalose, >48 h	Incubation with 600 mM trehalose, 48 h	16%	Watanabe et al., 2016 [22]
Tardigrade
Ramazzottius varieornatus	0% RH, 25 °C, 10 days	85% RH, 25 °C, 24 h	~100%, egg, juvenile, and adult	Horikawa et al., 2008 [23]
Hypsibius exemplaris	10%, RH 18 °C, 2 days	95% RH, 18 °C, 4 days	~100%	Kondo et al., 2015 [24]	For rehydration, specimens were transferred to 95% RH for 1 day
Hypsibius exemplaris	40% RH, 24 h; 22%, 7 days, 20 °C	92% RH, 20 °C, 16 h	~2%	Poprawa et al., 2022 [25]
Hypsibius exemplaris	40–50% RH, 72 h; incubator,7 days, 20 °C	-	~50%	Poprawa et al., 2022 [25]
Paramacrobiotus metropolitanus	10% RH, 22 °C, 2 days	95% RH, 22 °C, 48 h	>60%	Hara et al., 2022 [26]	Trehalose was 70 ng/μg protein after 2 days desiccation
Milnesium tardigradum	50–62% RH, 25 °C, 1 h	-	~90%	Horikawa and Higashi, 2004 [27]
Echiniscoides sigismundi	62 or 39% RH, 22–23 °C, 48 h	-	~99%	Hygum et al., 2016 [28]
Richtersius coronifer	65% RH, 23 °C, 12 days	-	~40%	Jönsson et al., 2001 [29]