Table 3.
Epidemiology of Sporotrichosis in South America.
| Region | Country | City | Number of Reported Cases | Vulnerable Population | Diagnostic Method | Type of Sporotrichosis | Etiological Agents (%) |
References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (Number of Cases) | Age (Years) | Taxonomy | ||||||||
| Before 2017 | After 2017 | |||||||||
| South America | Argentina | Provincia de Chaco | 1 | Female | 65 | Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), Giemsa stain Fungal culture PCR sequencing (ITS 1–2) |
Pulmonary | S. schenckii | S. schenckii | [61] |
| Buenos Aires | 16 | Male (4) Female (10) ND (7) |
Average 32.5 | Fungal culture and PCR sequencing (Calmodulin gene) | Lymphocutaneous 33 (42.9%) Fixed cutaneous 17 (19.0%) ND (38.1%) |
S. brasiliensis | S. brasiliensis | [62] | ||
| Misiones | 1 | Fungal culture and PCR sequencing (Calmodulin gene) | ||||||||
| El Calafate | 4 | Fungal culture, PCR sequencing (Calmodulin gene) and histopathology | ||||||||
| Buenos Aires | 15 | ND | Fungal culture (agar potato dextrose and brain heart infusion agar) PCR sequencing (Calmodulin gene) |
ND |
S. schenckii sensu stricto 9 (56.5%) S. brasiliensis 5 (34.7%) S. globosa 1 (8.7%) |
S. schenckii 9 (56.5%) S. brasiliensis 5 (34.7%) S. globosa 1 (8.7%) |
[63] | |||
| Buenos Aires | 1 | Female | 5 | Direct microscopy, Fungal culture (Sabouraud agar), Histopalology | Lymphocutaneous | S. schenckii complex | Sporothrix spp. | [64] | ||
| Brazil | Rio de Janeiro (Duque de Caxias) |
827 from 2007–2016 | Female (541) Male (286) |
42 | Fungal culture | ND | Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [65] | |
| Rio de Janeiro ND Teresópolis ND | 1563 (1999–2008 = 50 (3.20%)) |
Male (16) Female (34) |
Average 47 | Direct microscopy, Fungal culture, PCR sequencing (calmodulin gene) | Lymphocutaneous 24 (48%) Fixed cutaneous 15 (30%) Disseminated cutaneous 6 (12%) disseminated (involving internal tissues) 5 (10%) |
S. brasiliensis 45 45 (90%) S. schenckii sensu stricto 5 (10%) |
S. brasiliensis 45 (90%) S. schenckii 5 (10%) |
[66] | ||
| Rio de Janeiro | Group 1 48 (1.33%) Group 2 3570 (98.67%) 1987–2013 |
Group 1 HIV patients Male 33 Female 15 Group 2 Immunocompetent patients Male (1102) Female (2468) |
Average: 38.4 Averag: 46.3 |
Direct microscopy, Fungal culture. | ND | Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [67] | ||
| Rio de Janeiro | 21/1750 cases in HIV patients (1.2%) from 1999–2009 | Male (16) Female (5) |
Average: 41.2 | Direct microscopy, Fungal culture, Histopathology | Lymphocutaneous 7 (33.3%) Disseminated 7 (33.3%) widespread cutaneous 5 (23.8%) fixed cutaneous 2 (9.5%) |
S. schenckii sensu lato | Sporothrix spp. | [68] | ||
| Rio de Janeiro 16 Duque de Caxias 6 São João de Meriti 2 São Gonçalo 1 Maricá 1 |
26 from 2007–2017 | Female (19) Male (7) |
Average: 25 |
Direct microscopic, Fungal culture | Primary ocular 21 (80.8%) Associated cutaneous disease (3 lymphocutaneous, 1 the fixed cutaneous and 1 the disseminated 5 (19.2%) |
Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [69] | ||
| Rio de Janeiro | 86 from 2009–2017 | Male (26) Female (60) |
Average: 36.3 Average: 46 |
Fungal culture Histopathology |
ND | Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [70] | ||
| Espíritu Santo | 73 from 2016–2019 | Male Female |
ND | Fungal culture, Microscopy with lactophenol cotton blue, PCR sequencing (Calmodulin gene and Mating type (MAT) gene) |
ND |
S. brasiliensis 55 (76%) S. schenckii sensu stricto 18 (24%) |
S. brasiliensis 55 (76%) S. schenckii 18 (24%) |
[71] | ||
| Espíritu Santo | 171 cases from 1982–2012 | Male (138) Female (33) |
Average: 33.42 | Fungal culture | ND | Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [72] | ||
| Rio Grande do Sul | 83 from 2010–2016 | ND | Fungal culture | ND | Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [73] | |||
| Rio Grande do Sul | 43 from 2006–2015 | Male (31) Female (7) |
Average: 43 | Fungal culture | Lymphocutaneous 22 (51%) Fixed cutaneous 14 (32.5%) Disseminated cutaneous 1 (2.5%) ND 6 (14%) |
Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [74] | ||
| Minas Gerais | 282 | Male (153) Female (129) |
Average: 42.52 | Fungal culture, Sporotrichin test, Histophatology, Production of S. schenckii antigens, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
ND | S. schenckii | Sporothrix spp. | [75] | ||
| Brasilia | 91 from 1993–2018 | Male (64) Female (27) |
ND | Direct microscopy, Fungal culture, PCR sequencing (Calmodulin gene) | Lymphocutaneous 34 (37.36%) Cutaneous fixed 6 (6.59%) Disseminated 5 (5.49%) ND 46 (50.55%) |
S. globosa (ND) S. schenckii (ND) |
S. globosa (ND) S. schenckii (ND) |
[76] | ||
| São Paulo | 25 from 2003–2013. | Male (18) Female (7) |
Average: 42.48 | Fungal culture Histopathology |
Lymphocutaneous 20 (80%) Fixed cutaneous 5 (20%) |
S. schencki sensu lato | Sporothrix spp. | [77] | ||
| São Paulo | 20 from 2012–2020 | Male (9) Female (11) |
Average: 2.2 | Direct microscopy, Fungal culture, Histopathology | Lymphocutaneous 10 (50%) Multiple-inoculation 5 (25%) Fixed-cutaneous 3 (15%) Ocular-mucosal 2 (10%) |
Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [78] | ||
| Rio de Janeiro | 1 | Male | 35 | Direct microscopy, fungal culture | Osteomyelitis | S. schenckii complex | Sporothrix spp. | [79] | ||
| Rio de Janeiro | 1 | Female | 68 | Direct microscopy (KOH), fungal culture (Sabouraud Dextrose Agar 2%, and Mycosel Agar, Brain Heart Infusion Agar, Potato Dextrose Agar), Lactophenol Cotton Blue and MALDI-TOF MS | Ocular | S. brasiliensis | S. brasiliensis | [80] | ||
| Rio Grande do Norte | 1 | Male | 50 | Direct microscopy (KOH), fungal culture (Mycosel Agar), PCR sequencing >(Calmodulin gene) | Pulmonary | S. brasiliensis | S. brasiliensis | [81] | ||
| Pelotas | 7 | ND | Gram-stain microscopy, fungal culture (Sabouraud-dextrose agar added with chloramphenicol and Mycosel), PCR sequencing (ITS1 and ITS4 and Calmodulin gene) | Lymphocutaneous 4 (57.1%) Ocular 3 (42.9%) |
S. brasiliensis | S. brasiliensis | [82] | |||
| São Paulo | 1 | Female | 12 | Histopatology (Grocott stainin), fungal culture. | Immunoreactive cutaneous | Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [83] | ||
| Recife | 1 | Male | 25 | Histopatology (hematoxylin–eosin straining), fungal culture (Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol), PCR sequencing (using the species-specific primers Sbra-F and Sbra-R and Calmodulin gene) | Ocular | S. brasilienis | S. brasilienis | [84] | ||
| Rio de Janeiro | 1 | Male | 44 | Fungal culture | Disseminated | Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [85] | ||
| São Paulo | 2 | Male | 3 and 12 | Fungal culture | Ocular | Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [86] | ||
| ND | 1 | Female | 45 | Histopathology, Fungal culture (Sabouraud dextrose agar), PCR sequencing (Whole genome sequencing) |
Cutaneos carbuncle | S. brasiliensis | S. brasiliensis | [87] | ||
| Rio de Janeiro | 1 | Male | 11 | Fungal culture (Sabouraud’s dextrose agar), Culture microscopy with Lactofenol blue | Facial Cutaneous | Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [88] | ||
| Guarulhos, Sao Paulo | 1 | Male | 56 | Fungal culture, Histopathology (Peryodic Acid Schiff staining), | Disseminated | Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [89] | ||
| São Paulo | 1 | Female | 39 | Fungal culture (Sabouraud agar) | Lymphocutaneous | Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [90] | ||
| Brasilia | 1 | Male | 26 | Fungal culture | Disseminated | Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [91] | ||
| Rio de Janeiro | 4 from 2006–2016 | Female Age ranged from 18–34 |
Average 25 | Fungal culture, PCR sequencing (Primer T3B fingerprintig assay) | Fixed cutaneous 2 (50%) Lymphocutaneous 2 (50%) |
Sporothrix spp. 2 (50%) S. brasiliensis 2 (50%) |
Sporothrix spp. 2 (50%) S. brasiliensis 2 (50%) |
[92] | ||
| Rio de Janeiro | 3 from 2006 to 2013 | Male Age ranged from 25–43 |
Average 32 | Fungal culture, PCR sequencing (primer T3B fingerprinting assay ) | Disseminated 3 | S. brasiliensis | S. brasiliensis | [93] | ||
| Rio de Janeiro | 1 | Male | 66 | Direct microscopy, fungal culture (Sabouraud dextrose agar, potato dextrose agar, corn meal agar and and brain heart infusion agar), Histopatology, PCR sequencing (Calmodulin gene) | Lymphocutaneous | S. globosa | S. globosa | [94] | ||
| Palmeira das Missões | 1 | Male | 73 | Fungal culture | ND | S. schenckii complex | Sporothrix spp. | [95] | ||
| Rio de Janeiro | 1 | Male | 5 | Fungal culture and Histopatology | Osteoarticular | S. schenckii | Sporothrix spp. | [96] | ||
| Rio de Janeiro | 1 | Male | 61 | Fungal culture, PCR sequencing (primer T3B fingerprinting assay) | Disseminated | S. brasiliensis | S. brasiliensis | [97] | ||
| ND | 1 | Male | 49 | Fungal culture | Disseminated | S. schenckii | Sporothrix spp. | [98] | ||
| Espírito Santo | 3 | Female | 30 and 10 | Direct microscopy (KOH), fungal culture (Sabouraud Dextrose agar and Mycosel agar®), assimilation of sugar test | Chancre 3 |
S. brasiliensis | S. brasiliensis | [99] | ||
| Male | 14 | |||||||||
| Rio de Janeiro | 1 | Female | 9 | PCR sequencing (calmodulina gene) | Dacryocystitis | S. brasiliensis | S. brasiliensis | [100] | ||
| Rio de Janeiro | 2 | Female | 22 and 27 | Fungal culture, PCR sequencing (Calmodulina gene) | Fixed Cutaneous | S. brasiliensis | S. brasiliensis | [101] | ||
| Rio de Janeiro | 1 | Male | 6 | Fungal culture, PCR sequencing | Invasive Sinusitis | S. brasiliensis | S. brasiliensis | [102] | ||
| Rio de Janeiro | 1 | Male | 56 | Fungal culture, PCR sequencing | Meningitis, Lymphocutaneous | S. brasiliensis | S. brasiliensis | [103] | ||
| São Paulo | 20 from 2012–2020 | Male 9 (45%) |
Age ranged from 2–81 mean 32.2 ± 25.10 |
Fungal culture | ND | Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [104] | ||
| Females 11 (55%) | ||||||||||
| Rio de Janeiro | 64 from 2013–2015 | ND | Fungal culture (Sabouraud Dextrosa Agar, Mycosel ) | Lymphocutaneous 43 (67%) Fixed cutaneous 21 (33%) |
S. schenckii
sensu lato |
Sporothrix spp. | [105] | |||
| Minas Gerais 1 Ceará 1 Goiás 1 Pernambuco2 São Paulo 1 |
6 | ND | Fungal culture (Potato Dextrose agar, Corn Meal agar), Carbohydrate assimilation tests, PCR sequiencing (calmodulin gene) | Lymphocutaneous 2 (33.3%) Disseminated 1 (16.7%) ND 3 (50%) |
Sporothrix mexicana 3 (50%) Sporothrix globosa 3 (50%) | Sporothrix mexicana 3 (50%) Sporothrix globosa 3 (50%) | [106] | |||
| Colombia | Antioquia | 34 | ND | Fungal culture, PCR sequencing (ITS 1–2 and β-tubulin) | ND |
S. schenckii sensu stricto 22 (65.7%) S. globosa 12 (34.2%) |
S. schenckii 22 (65.7%) S. globosa 12 (34.3%) |
[56] | ||
| Bogotá | 2.28% (14 cases/612 patients) |
Male ND Female ND |
Between: 0–18 | Fungal culture | ND | Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [107] | ||
| Casanare | 1 | Male | 18 | Fungal culture, Histopathology | Verrucose | Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [108] | ||
| Marandúa | 1 | Female | 48 | Fungal culture, Histopathology |
Fixed cutaneous | S. schenckii sensu lato | Sporothrix spp. | [109] | ||
| Chile | Santiago | 1 | Male | 54 | Histopathology | Lymphocutaneous | Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [110] | |
| Valparaíso | 1 | Female | 75 | Fungal culture Direct microscopy, Sugar assimilation (sucrose) |
Lymphocutaneous | Sporothrix globosa | Sporothrix globosa | [111] | ||
| Viña del Mar | 1 | Female | 64 | Direct microscopy, Fungal culture (Sabouraud with cycloheximide and potato dextrose agar) nitrogen-based agar, sequencing (D1/D2 region of the fungal 26S rRNA gene, it region; a partial fragment of the β-tubulin gene; ITS 1 and 2; and the 5.8S gene (SU)). | Onychomycosis | Sporothrix pallida | Sporothrix pallida | [112] | ||
| Paraguay | Itá | 2 | Male Male |
52 | Histopathology (Peryodic Acid Schiff), Fungal culture, direct microscopy with Giensa strein |
Lymphocutaneous 1 (50%) Fixed cutaneous 1 (50%) |
Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [113] | |
| Cordillera 2 Guairá, Central 2 Misiones 2 San Pedro 2 Caaguazú 1 |
11 from 1997–2019. |
Male 10 Female 1 |
Mean Age: 37,6 ± 20 Range: 24–69 |
Direct microscopy (KOH 10%), fungal culture (Sabouraud agar with glucose 2%, potato dextrose agar with chloramphenicol), | Lymphocutaneous 11 (100%) |
Sporothrix schenckii complex | Sporothrix spp. | [114] | ||
| Perú | Apurímac | 2 | Female | 65 | Direct microscopy, Giemsa stain Culture Microscopy with lactophenol cotton blue, Carbohydrate assimilation test (sucrose and raffinose) in nitrogen base |
Fixed cutaneous | S. schenckii | S. schenckii | [115] | |
| Female | 67 | |||||||||
| Apurímac | 21 | Male (12) Female (9) |
Average: 9 | Fungal culture | Lymphocutaneous 13 (62%) Fixed cutaneous 8 (38%) |
Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [116] | ||
| Apurímac 2850 |
57 (15/100,000) |
Male 1734 Female 1255 |
ND | Fungal culture, Microscopy with lactophenol cotton blue and PCR sequencing |
Lymphocutaneous 2942 (63%) Fixed cutaneous 1728 (37%) |
S. schenckii 4651 (99.6%) S. schenckii sensu stricto 19 (0.4%) |
Sporothrix spp. 4651 (99.6%) S. schenckii 19 (0.4%) |
[117] | ||
| Cajamarca 1500 |
30 (3/100,000) |
|||||||||
| La Libertad 100 |
4 (0.5/100,000) |
|||||||||
| Cusco 200 |
2 (0.2/100,000) |
|||||||||
| Otras regiones 20 |
≤1 (0.1/100,000) | |||||||||
| Abancay | 1 | Male | 6 | Fungal culture | Lymphocutaneous | Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [118] | ||
| Lima | 1 | Male | 23 | Fungal Culture Microscopy with lactophenol blue, MALDI-TOF MS, PCR sequencing (D1/D2 region of the fungal 26S rRNA gene) |
Fixed cutaneous | S. schenckii | S. schenckii | [119] | ||
| Lima | 1 | Male | 42 | Histopathology, Microscopy, Fungal Culture |
Disseminated cutaneous | S. schenkii sensu lato | Sporothrix spp. | [120] | ||
| Cajamarca | 94 from 1991 to 2014 | Males (67) Female (27) |
Average: 36 | Direct microscopy, Gram and Giemsa stain, Fungal culture, Histopathology |
Lymphocutaneous 44 (47%) Fixed cutaneous 37 (39%) Disseminated cutaneous 11 (12%) Extra-cutaneous 1 (1%) ND 1 (1%) |
S. schenckii | Sporothrix spp. | [121] | ||
| Apurímac | ||||||||||
| Amazonas | ||||||||||
| Ancash | 1 | Male | 58 | Fungal culture | Lymphocutaneous | S. schenckii | Sporothrix spp. | [122] | ||
| Cusco | 1 | Female | 53 | Fungal culture (Sabouraud) | Disseminated | S. schenckii | Sporothrix spp. | [123] | ||
| Uruguay | Tacuarembó 10 Cerro Largo 9 Canelones 9 Montevideo 5 Rocha 4 Paysandú 3 Flores 3 Río Negro 2 Colonia 2 Artigas 1 Rivera 1 Maldonado 1 Soriano 1 Non-registered 20 |
157 from 1983 to 2020 | Male (152) | 13–79 age range | Gram staining and culture in Sabouraud | Nodular Lymphatic 120 (76.4%) Fixed cutaneous 30 (19.1%) ND 7 (4.5%) |
Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [124] | |
| Female (5) | ||||||||||
| Venezuela | Caracas | 68 | ND | Fungal culture, PCR sequencing (Calmodulin locus and ITS regions) | ND |
S. schenckii 42 (62%) S. globosa 26 (38%) |
S. schenckii 42 (62%) S. globosa 26 (38%) |
[125] | ||
| Aragua 55 Miranda 32 Other states 46 |
133 from 1963–2019 |
Male (95) Female (38) |
0–15 15–30 >30 |
Direct microscopy Fungal culture |
Lymphocutaneous 84 (63.15%) Fixed cutaneous 48 (36.09%) Cornea 1 (0.7%) |
S. schenckii sensu lato 130 (97.7%) ND 3 (2.3%) |
Sporothrix spp. | [126] | ||
| Bolívar 14 | 0.55% (220 cases/39,806 patients) |
ND | 25–45 years | Microscopy and fungal culture | ND | Sporothrix spp. | Sporothrix spp. | [127] | ||
| Caracas 160 | ||||||||||
| Carabobo 6 | ||||||||||
| Falcón 3 | ||||||||||
| Lara 5 | ||||||||||
| Mérida 1 | ||||||||||
| Monagas 24 | ||||||||||
| Sucre 1 | ||||||||||
| Táchira 2 | ||||||||||
| Zulia 4 | ||||||||||
| Costal Range 22 | 31 from 1973–2013 | Male 64% Female 36% |
Microscopy, fungal culture, pruebas bioquímicas, PCR sequencing (Calmodulin gene and ITS 4–5) | Fixed cutaneous 18 (60%) Lymphocutaneous 11 (36.33%) Disseminated 1 (3.33)% |
S. schenckii sensu stricto 17 S. globosa 13 and Ophiostoma stenoceras 1 |
S. schenckii 17 (56.67%) S. globosa 13 (43.33%) |
[128] | |||
| Andes 7 | ||||||||||
| Plains 2 | ||||||||||
ND: Not Determined.