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. 2022 Jun 6;11:e69308. doi: 10.7554/eLife.69308

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© 2022, Salehinejad et al

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 2. — (a) There is a trend of higher corticospinal excitability after the sleep deprivation session compared to sufficient sleep, especially at 150% of resting motor threshold (RMT) intensity. The red asterisk refers to significant effects of sleep condition (p=0.034) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) intensity (p<0.001). (b) Cortical inhibition significantly decreased after sleep deprivation as compared with sufficient sleep (t_ISI2=4.24, p<0.001; t_ISI3=4.50, p<0.001). In contrast, cortical facilitation is significantly upscaled after sleep deprivation compared with sufficient sleep (t_ISI10=7.69, p<0.001; t_ISI15=6.66, p<0.001). (c) I-wave peaks were significantly facilitated for early and middle inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) after both, sufficient sleep and sleep deprivation, and for late ISIs only after sleep deprivation. For all ISIs, I-wave peaks were significantly more upscaled after sleep deprivation vs sufficient sleep (t_early=3.90, p<0.001; t_middle=3.91, p<0.001; t_late=4.40, p<0.001), indicative of less cortical inhibition. (d) Cortical inhibitory effect of peripheral nerve stimulation on motor cortical excitability was observed only after sufficient sleep (t_ISI20=4.53, p<0.001; t_ISI40=4.25, p<0.001), whereas the inhibitory effect of peripheral stimulation turned to excitatory effects after sleep deprivation (t_ISI20=2.54, p=0.035; t_ISI40=4.55, p<0.001). Motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude was significantly upscaled after sleep deprivation vs sufficient sleep (t_ISI20=7.08, p<0.001; t_ISI40=8.83, p<0.001). All pairwise comparisons were calculated using the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (n=30). All error bars represent the s.e.m. Filled symbols represent a significant difference in MEP amplitudes compared to the respective test pulses (for short-latency intracortical inhibition and intracortical facilitation [SICI-ICF], I-wave, short-latency afferent inhibition [SAI]) or MEP at RMT intensity (for input-output curve [I-O curve]). Asterisks represent statistically significant comparisons between sleep conditions. ms: milliseconds.