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. 2022 Jun 6;11:e69308. doi: 10.7554/eLife.69308

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© 2022, Salehinejad et al

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 7. — The intracellular calcium concentration (x-axis) determines directionality of plasticity (Lisman, 2001). It can be assumed that intracellular calcium concentration under no sleep pressure (sufficient sleep) is at an optimal level leading to stronger tDCS-induced LTP/LTD-like plasticity. Under sleep deprivation, LTP-like plasticity induction via anodal tDCS is prevented due to calcium overflow, and LTD-like plasticity via cathodal tDCS is converted to LTP-like plasticity possibly via (a) enhanced baseline calcium (due to upscaled excitability) which makes minor calcium increase obtained from cathodal stimulation to be sufficient to induce LTP-like plasticity and (b) gradual downregulating upscaled cortical excitability and opening some synaptic space for LTP-related plasticity induction.