Table 2.
Changed metabolites in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Biomarker category highlighted in bold: Corresponding metabolites listed in column “Results”.
| Reference | Matrix | Instruments | Disease Activity and/or Severity |
Patients Treated? |
Biomarker Categories * |
Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kishikawa 2021 [71] | Plasma | CE–TOF-MS LC–TOF-MS |
Ps: PASI (1.8) | Yes (mixed) |
D (PsA/Ps) |
↑ | tyramine |
| ↓ | mucic acid | ||||||
| Ambrożewicz 2018 [72] | Plasma | UPLC–QTOF-MS and GC–FID |
N/A | No (4 weeks before the study) | D | ↑ | lipid peroxidation products (4-hydroxynonenal, isoprostanes, and neuroprostanes), endocannabinoids (AEA and 2-AG) |
| ↓ | phospholipids and free polyunsaturated fatty acids | ||||||
| Looby 2021 [65] | Serum | HPLC–HRMS (SPME) | Mixed: mild, moderate, severe |
No (at baseline levels) | D, M | ↑ | long-chain fatty acids (e.g., 3-hydroxytetradecanedioic acid, 3-hydroxydo-decanedioic acid), 1,11-undecanedicarboxylic acid, eicosanoids (pro- or anti-inflammatory; including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, …) |
| Souto-Carneiro 2020 [61] | Serum | 1H-single-pulse NMR and CPMG NMR |
DAS28-CRP (2.3) | Yes |
D (PsA/RA) |
↑ | alanine, threonine, leucine, valine, acetate, creatine, lactate, choline, L3/L1, L5/L1, L6/L1 |
| ↓ | phenylalanine | ||||||
| Armstrong 2014 [66] | Serum | GC–TOF-MS | PASI (13.2) | Yes | D | ↑ | glucuronic acid |
| Madsen 2011 [34] | Serum | GC–TOF-MS and UPLC–MS |
N/A | Yes (mixed) |
D (PsA/RA) |
↑ | glutamine, heptanoic acid, pseudouridine, inosine, guanosine, arabitol, cystine, cysteine, phosphoric acid, succinic acid |
| ↓ | glutamic acid, histidine, cholesterol, threonic acid, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, 1-monooleoylglycerol, arachidonic acid, serine | ||||||
| Coras 2019 [67] | Serum | LC–MS | Mixed: DAS28-PCR (2.74) | Yes (mixed) | M | ↑ | TMAO |
| Coras 2019 [68] | Serum | UPLC–MS | Mixed: DAS28-CPR high and low (2.72) |
Yes | M | ↑ | pro-inflammatory eicosanoids (PGE2, HXB3, 6,15-dk,dh,PGF1a), anti-inflammatory eicosanoids (11-HEPE, 12-HEPE, 15-HEPE) |
| ↓ | anti-inflammatory eicosanoids (8,9-diHETrE, 11,12-diHETrE, 14,15-diHETrE, 19,20-diHDPA, 7,17 DHDPA, resolvin D1, 17-HdoHE) | ||||||
| Alonso 2016 [41] | Urine | 1H-NMR | Mixed: DAS28-CPR high and low (2.72) |
Yes | D, M | ↓ | N-acetyl amino acids, citrate, alanine, trigonelline, methylsuccinate, carnitine |
| Kapoor 2013 [42] | Urine | 1D-NMR | N/A | Yes | Pre | ↑ | histamine, glutamine, xanthurenic acid |
| ↓ | ethanolamine | ||||||
| Wójcik 2019 [69] | Mononuclear cells | UPLC–TOF-MS | N/A | No (4 weeks before the study) | D, Pro | ↑ | 8-isoPGF2α, free 4-HNE, endocannabinoids, eicosanoids (PGE1, LTB4, 13HODE, TXB2) |
| ↓ | eicosanoids (15-d-PGJ2, 15 15-HETE) |
* D, diagnostic; M, monitoring; Pre, predictive; Pro, prognostic; Re, response; Ri, risk; S, safety.