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. 2022 Jun 14;12(6):885. doi: 10.3390/life12060885

Figure 1.

Figure 1

A proposed model of cAMP signaling pathways in plant cell response to heat stress. The figure draws on actual knowledge about the AC-cAMP signaling cascade in plants under heat stress. ATP, adenosine triphosphate; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CBP, cAMP binding protein; CRE, cAMP response element; CREB, CRE binding protein. CNGC, cyclic nucleotide gated channel; SNARE: including SNAP25 homologous protein SNAP33, Syntaxin-41, and SynN domain-containing protein; VPS: including vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 32 homolog 1, vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 32 homolog 1; ubiquitin-proteasome system: including ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1, protease, 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit and so on. The heat-upregulated candidates are depicted in blue font. This figure draws on recent studies of tobacco BY-2 cell, Arabidopsis thaliana, and maize cAMP roles under heat stress [7,9,10,24,25].