Table 4.

Simulation study.

		Joint Model-JM ${}_1$				JM with local independence-JM ${}_2$
Parameter	True	BIAS	SD	SE	CP	BIAS	SD	SE	CP
For longitudinal outcomes
α	1.850	−0.072	0.183	0.175	1.000	−0.003	0.194	0.187	1.000
β	1.300	0.004	0.062	0.053	0.990	0.002	0.055	0.057	0.990
${\tau }_z$	0.900	−0.036	0.038	0.042	0.990	−0.039	0.038	0.077	0.990
For both processes
${\sigma }_{\mathrm{cov}}^2$	0.300	−0.006	0.174	0.143	1.000	0.003	0.173	0.145	1.000
${\sigma }_b^2$	0.800	0.023	0.088	0.073	0.990	0.019	0.085	0.077	0.990
ρ	0.300	0.025	0.090	0.085	1.000	0.004	0.093	0.086	1.000
For time-to-event
${\beta }_2$	1.000	0.001	0.099	0.103	1.000	0.003	0.102	0.097	1.000
${\tau }_t$	1.010	−0.012	0.098	0.091	0.990	−0.008	0.099	0.093	0.990
${\nu }_1$	0.900	0.097	0.101	0.097	0.990
${\nu }_2$	0.900	0.096	0.101	0.096	0.990

Note: Operational characteristics for simulation studies.