Table 6.
Health care resource utilization and costs, by cohort (month 1 after the index date)
| |
Unmatched patients |
Matched patients |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Opioid HZ cohort (N = 41,065) |
Non-opioid HZ cohort (N = 83,941) |
Opioid HZ cohort—matched (N = 39,299) |
Non-HZ cohort—matched (N = 196,495) |
||||
| Inpatient services | ||||||||
| ≥1 hospital admission (N, %) | 992 | 2.4% | 679 | 0.8% | 875 | 2.2% | 1,589 | 0.8% |
| Number of admissions | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
| Median | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
| Range (minimum, maximum) | 0.0 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 5.0 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 5.0 |
| Total hospital days | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 4.7 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 6.0 |
| Median | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | ||||
| Range (minimum, maximum) | 1.0 | 64.0 | 1.0 | 92.0 | 1.0 | 64.0 | 1.0 | 96.0 |
| Inpatient costs | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | $603 | $7,053 | $176 | $3,619 | $539 | $6,646 | $187 | $5,180 |
| Median | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | ||||
| Range (minimum, maximum) | $0 | $561,232 | $0 | $436,417 | $0 | $561,232 | $0 | $1,425,620 |
| ED visits | ||||||||
| ≥1 ED visit (N, %) | 9,065 | 22.1% | 7,941 | 9.5% | 8,601 | 21.9% | 4,729 | 2.4% |
| Number of unique days with an ED visit | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
| Median | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
| Range (minimum, maximum) | 0.0 | 14.0 | 0.0 | 6.0 | 0.0 | 14.0 | 0.0 | 12.0 |
| ED costs | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | $176 | $788 | $64 | $504 | $173 | $770 | $25 | $354 |
| Median | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | ||||
| Range (minimum, maximum) | $0 | $37,261 | $0 | $33,902 | $0 | $37,261 | $0 | $44,183 |
| Outpatient hospital visits | ||||||||
| ≥1 outpatient hospital visits (N, %) | 10,506 | 25.6% | 12,852 | 15.3% | 9,848 | 25.1% | 21,025 | 10.7% |
| Number of unique days with an outpatient hospital visit | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.7 |
| Median | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
| Range (minimum, maximum) | 0.0 | 26.0 | 0.0 | 23.0 | 0.0 | 26.0 | 0.0 | 31.0 |
| Outpatient hospital costs | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | $351 | $2,372 | $141 | $1,396 | $336 | $2,305 | $190 | $2,109 |
| Median | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | ||||
| Range (minimum, maximum) | $0 | $169,758 | $0 | $156,599 | $0 | $169,758 | $0 | $235,502 |
| Physician office visits | ||||||||
| ≥1 physician office visit (N, %) | 35,199 | 85.7% | 74,864 | 89.2% | 33,681 | 85.7% | 69,192 | 35.2% |
| Number of unique days with a physician office visits | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 1.3 |
| Median | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | ||||
| Range (minimum, maximum) | 0.0 | 31.0 | 0.0 | 31.0 | 0.0 | 31.0 | 0.0 | 31.0 |
| Physician office visit costs | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | $274 | $863 | $236 | $523 | $271 | $860 | $123 | $666 |
| Median | $147 | $135 | $145 | $0 | ||||
| Range (minimum, maximum) | $0 | $69,031 | $0 | $35,994 | $0 | $69,031 | $0 | $134,610 |
| Pharmacy | ||||||||
| ≥1 prescription (N, %) | 39,861 | 97.1% | 82,374 | 98.1% | 38,147 | 97.1% | 95,425 | 48.6% |
| Number of prescription claims | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 4.1 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 4.0 | 2.9 | 1.5 | 2.4 |
| Median | 3.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 0.0 | ||||
| Range (minimum, maximum) | 0.0 | 131.0 | 0.0 | 54.0 | 0.0 | 131.0 | 0.0 | 50.0 |
| Pharmacy costs | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | $285 | $1,029 | $233 | $1,088 | $275 | $998 | $164 | $953 |
| Median | $61 | $45 | $60 | $0 | ||||
| Range (minimum, maximum) | $0 | $37,980 | $0 | $102,224 | $0 | $37,980 | $0 | $95,778 |
| Other medical encounters | ||||||||
| ≥1 other medical encounter (N, %) | 11,430 | 27.8% | 20,561 | 24.5% | 10,817 | 27.5% | 24,040 | 12.2% |
| Number of unique days with other medical encounters | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.5 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 |
| Median | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
| Range (minimum, maximum) | 0.0 | 31.0 | 0.0 | 31.0 | 0.0 | 31.0 | 0.0 | 31.0 |
| Other medical encounter costs | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | $146 | $1,557 | $88 | $1,078 | $137 | $1,532 | $85 | $1,140 |
| Median | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | ||||
| Range (minimum, maximum) | $0 | $136,228 | $0 | $140,764 | $0 | $136,228 | $0 | $144,350 |
| Total health care costs | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | $1,834 | $8,243 | $939 | $4,565 | $1,731 | $7,845 | $775 | $6,037 |
| Median | $419 | $294 | $409 | $39 | ||||
| Range (minimum, maximum) | $0 | $565,076 | $0 | $438,574 | $0 | $565,076 | $0 | $1,441,256 |
ED: emergency department; HZ: herpes zoster; SD: standard deviation.