Table 1.

Studies establishing that sarcopenia and diabetes mellitus are closely related.

Study	Muscle Mass Criteria	Study Design	Result
Kim et al., 2010 [23]	SMI < 2 SDs	Cross-sectional study 2 groups: -T2DM: n = 414 -control group: n = 396	SMI values were significantly decreased in patients with diabetes compared with control group Patients with diabetes had three times higher risk of having a low SMI than control group
Wang et al., 2016 [49]	AWGS criteria	Cross-sectional study Community-dwelling Chinese citizens (≥60 years) 2 groups: -T2DM Patients: n  =  116 men + 120 women -control group: n  =  404 men + 450 women	The prevalence of sarcopenia and pre-sarcopenia was significantly higher in diabetic patients than in healthy controls Diabetic patients was associated with a 1.56-fold increased risk of sarcopenia using AWGS criteria
Kim et al., 2014 [50]	Three different formulas for skeletal mass: (a) ASM/height2, (b) ASM/weight, (c) TSM/weight	Cross-sectional study Adults (≥65 years) 2 groups: -T2DM: n = 59 men + 85 women -control: n = 130 men + 140 women	Older men with T2DM showed significantly lower ASM than those without diabetes The risk of low muscle mass (in all formulas) was significantly higher in older men with T2DM
Souza et al., 2019 [24]	EWGSOP criteria	Cross-sectional study Older adults (>60 years) n = 1078	Diabetes mellitus was present in 36.87% of the patients with sarcopenia using EWGSOP criteria
Leenders et al., 2013 [53]	DEXA, sit-to-stand test, handgrip test	Cross-sectional study (3 months) Community dwelling and still living Independently older men 2 groups: -T2DM: n = 60 men -control group: n = 32 men	Leg lean mass and ASM were significantly lower in older men with T2DM compared with normoglycemic controls Leg extension strength was significantly lower in the group with T2DM Significant longer sit-to-stand time for group with T2DM compared with normoglycemic group Significant lower handgrip strength for group with T2DM when compared with normoglycemic controls.
Kalyani et al., 2015 [52]	Knee extensor strength divided by DEXA-derived leg lean body mass	Longitudinal study (7.5 years) Adults (25–96 years) n = 984	Muscle strength (knee extensor strength) and muscle quality (knee extensor strength/leg lean mass) were all significantly decreased from lower to higher HbA1c. Hyperglycemia is associated with persistently lower muscle strength with aging
Park et al., 2009 [38]	DEXA	Longitudinal study (6 years) well-functioning community-dwelling Adults (70–79 years) n = 2675	Older adults with either diagnosed or undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes showed excessive loss of appendicular lean mass and trunk fat mass compared with nondiabetic subjects Thigh muscle cross-sectional area declined two times faster in older women with diabetes than their nondiabetic counterparts
Anagnostis et al., 2020 [47]	Multiple criteria depending on studies (EWGSOP, AWGS, FNIH)	Systematic review Patients with T2DM or sarcopenia n = 1832 + 1159	Patients with T2DM demonstrated a higher risk of sarcopenia (using EWGSOP or AWGS or FNIH criteria) compared with euglycemic subjects Patients with T2DM have an increased risk of sarcopenia (using EWGSOP or AWGS or FNIH criteria) compared with euglycemic subjects
Ai et al., 2021 [51]	Multiple criteria depending on studies (EWGSOP, AWGS, FNIH, LMM, LMS, LSMI)	Systematic review Patients with T2DM n = 16634	The pooled prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with T2DM was 18% Elder age, male gender and chronic hyperglycemia, Osteoporosis were significant risk factors for Sarcopenia
Veronese et al., 2019 [48]	AWGS, EWGSOP criteria	Systematic review Adults with mean age = 65.4 years n = 54676	Diabetic participants had an increased prevalence of sarcopenia (using EWGSOP or AWGS criteria) compared to controls Sarcopenia (using EWGSOP or AWGS criteria) was associated with an increased odds of having diabetes
Chung et al., 2019 [54]	AWGS criteria	Systematic review Asian aged ≥60 years 2 groups: -diabetics: n = 1537 -non- diabetics: n = 5485	Diabetics showed a significantly higher risk of sarcopenia (using AWGS criteria) than non-diabetics