Table 1.
Innervation of the urinary tract.
| Anatomic Location | Sympathetic NS (Norepinephrine) | Parasympathetic NS (Acetylcholine) | Somatic Innervation (Acetylcholine) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kidney | Renal plexus | Renal plexus | NA |
| Ureters | T12–L2 | S2–S4 | Superior hypogastric plexus |
| Bladder Dome | Hypogastric Nerve (T10–L2) on β3 Adrenergic Receptors | Pelvic Nerves (S2–S4) on M3 ACH Receptors |
NA |
| Bladder Neck | Hypogastric Nerve (T10–L2) on α1 Adrenergic Receptors | Pelvic Nerves (S2–S4) on M3 ACH Receptors |
NA |
| External Urethral Sphincter/Pelvic Floor Muscles | NA | NA | Pudendal Nerve (S2–S4) on Nicotinic ACH Receptors |