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. 2022 Jun 14;12(6):968. doi: 10.3390/jpm12060968

Table 2.

Spinal cord level of injury and associated dysfunction.

Spinal Cord Lesion Bladder and External Urethral Sphincter Dysfunction
Suprasacral
Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) Injury		 Storage Dysfunction

  • Detrusor Overactivity with decreased Detrusor Compliance

  • Hyperreflexic External Urethral Sphincter

  • Detrusor Sphincter Dyssynergia (DSD)

  • Upper Urinary Tracts at Risk due to High Detrusor Pressure (>40 cm H2O)

  • Urinary incontinence
Mixed: UMN and/or LMN Injury Storage Dysfunction

  • Detrusor Overactivity or Areflexia (increased or decreased Detrusor Compliance)

  • Hyperreflexic or Flaccid External Urethral Sphincter

  • Detrusor Sphincter Dyssynergia (DSD) or Detrusor Sphincter Areflexia

  • Upper Urinary Tracts May be at Risk due to High Detrusor Pressure (>40 cm H2O)

  • Urinary incontinence
Sacral/Infrasacral
Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Injury		 Voiding Dysfunction

  • Areflexic Detrusor/Flaccidity with increased Detrusor Compliance

  • External Urethral Sphincter Areflexia/Flaccidity

  • Overflow Urinary Incontinence