Table 1.
Proportions of ECG changes in Black athletes compared to Caucasian athletes.
| Study | Total Athlete Participants | Black Athletes | Caucasian Athletes | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TWI | ||||
| Zaidi, 2013 | 675 | 22% | 5% | 0.0001 |
| Sheikh, 2013 | 5505 | 22.8% | 4.5% | 0.001 |
| Rawlins, 2010 | 440 | 14% | 2% | 0.001 |
| Papadakis, 2011 | 2723 | 22.8% | 3.7% | 0.0001 |
| Malhotra, 2020 | 11,168 | 10.6% | 2.3% | 0.0001 |
| Magalaski, 2011 | 964 | 4.3% | 1.5% | 0.04 |
| Magalaski, 2008 | 1959 | 2.6% | 0.2% | 0.05 |
| Kervio, 2013 | 282 | 6.2% | 0% | 0.01 |
| Basavarajaiah, 2008 | 750 | 12% | 0% | 0.0001 |
| Malhotra, 2021 | 3000 | 13% | 2.3% | 0.0001 |
| Anterior TWI beyond V2 | ||||
| Wilson, 2012 | 1220 | 9.8% | 0% | 0.05 |
| Sheikh, 2013 | 5505 | 14.3% | 2.5% | 0.001 |
| Rawlins, 2010 | 440 | 14% | 2% | 0.001 |
| Papadakis, 2011 | 2723 | 12.7% | 1.9% | 0.001 |
| Malhotra, 2020 | 11,168 | 3.7% | 0.6% | 0.0001 |
| Malhotra, 2021 | 3000 | 3.7% | 0.6% | 0.0001 |
| Inferior TWI | ||||
| Sheikh, 2013 | 5505 | 6.1% | 1.7% | 0.001 |
| Papadakis, 2011 | 2723 | 6% | 1.7% | 0.001 |
| Malhotra, 2020 | 11,168 | 1.3% | 0.5% | 0.001 |
| Riding, 2019 | 1698 | 2% | 0% | S |
| Malhotra, 2021 | 3000 | 1.5% | 0.5% | 0.04 |
| Lateral TWI | ||||
| Wilson, 2012 | 1220 | 6.1% | 0% | 0.05 |
| Papadakis, 2011 | 2723 | 4% | 0.3% | 0.001 |
| Malhotra, 2020 | 11,168 | 0.9% | 0.2% | 0.001 |
| Sheikh, 2013 | 5505 | 2.4% | 0.3% | 0.001 |
| Malhotra, 2021 | 3000 | 1% | 0.2% | 0.02 |
| LVH | ||||
| Magalaski, 2011 | 964 | 9% | 2.5% | 0.001 |
| Magalaski, 2008 | 1959 | 2% | 0.2% | 0.0001 |
| Kervio, 2013 | 282 | 21% | 10.3% | 0.01 |
| Basavarajaiah, 2008 | 750 | 68% | 40% | 0.001 |
| Waase, 2018 | 519 | 39.6% | 21.9% | 0.001 |
| ST elevation | ||||
| Zaidi, 2013 | 675 | 73.7% | 61% | 0.001 |
| Sheikh, 2013 | 5505 | 49.5% | 20.2% | 0.0001 |
| Rawlins, 2010 | 440 | 11% | 1% | 0.001 |
| Papadakis, 2011 | 2723 | 63.2% | 26.5% | 0.001 |
| Basavarajaiah, 2008 | 750 | 85% | 62% | 0.001 |
| Muramoto, 2014 | 1114 | 32.9% | 19.6% | 0.005 |
| Leo, 2011 | 641 | 20% | 4% | 0.01 |
| Malhotra, 2021 | 3000 | 63.6% | 48.4% | 0.0001 |
| ER | ||||
| Sheikh, 2013 | 5505 | 34.7% | 21.1% | 0.001 |
| Miragoli, 2019 | 414 | 50% | 17% | 0.014 |
| Waase, 2018 | 519 | 72.6% | 58.3% | 0.009 |
| Noseworthy, 2011 | 879 | OR 5.8 95% CI 3.54–9.61 |
0.001 | |
| Percentage abnormal | ||||
| Wilson, 2012 | 1220 | 18% | 5.8% | 0.001 |
| Sheikh, 2014 | 5506 | 11.5% | 5.3% | 0.0001 |
| Magalaski, 2011 | 964 | 18.1% | 8.3% | 0.001 |
| Magalaski, 2008 | 1959 | 30% | 15% | 0.001 |
| Fuller, 2016 | 874 | 22% | NR | NR |
| Riding, 2015 | 2491 | 10% | 2.1% | 0.0001 |
| Riding, 2019 | 1698 | 4.7% | 0% | 0.001 |
| Chandra, 2014 | 4081 | 57.7% | 21.3% | 0.001 |
| Maillot, 2018 | 1030 | OR 2.70 95% CI (1.63–4.48) |
0.0001 | |
| RAE | ||||
| Wilson, 2012 | 1220 | 4.7% | 0% | 0.05 |
| Malhotra, 2020 | 11,168 | 3.8% | 0.3% | 0.0001 |
| LAE | ||||
| Malhotra, 2020 | 11,168 | 5.7% | 0.9% | 0.0001 |
Abbreviations: TWI, T-wave inversion; LVH, left-ventricular hypertrophy; ER, early repolarization; RAE, right-atrial enlargement; LAE, left-atrial enlargement; NR, not reported.