Table 2.
Beneficial bacteria which demonstrated protection against main wheat pathogens. n/a: not applicable.
| Strains | Origin | Pathogen | Biostimulation | Mode of Action for Biocontrol | Methodology | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacillus subtilis ATCC 10783; B. cereus ATCC 11778; B. licheniformis NRRLB-510; B. pumilus ATCC 7061; Brevibacillus laterosporus BLA170; Paenibacillus polymyxa NA | Soil | Zymoseptoria tritici, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, Cochliobolus sativus, Alternaria triticimaculans | n/a | n/a | In vitro and greenhouse (leaves) | [121] |
| B. subtilis BBG125, BBG131, Bs2504 | ProBioGEM, Centre Wallon de Biologie Industrielle | Z. tritici | n/a | Lipopeptides (LPs): mycosubtilin, surfactin, fengycin | In vitro and greenhouse (leaves) | [122] |
| B. velezensis RC 218 | Wheat anthers | Fusarium graminearum | n/a | Ericin lantiobiotic Plant phytohormone modulation (jasmonic and salicylic acid) ISR cell wall thickening preventing cell plasmolysis and collapse |
Field and greenhouse (spikes) | [123,124,125,126] |
| B. velezensis LM2303 | Wild yak | F. graminearum | n/a | n/a | In silico and field (spikes) | [127] |
| B. subtilis IB | Soil | F. graminearum | n/a | Fengycin | In vitro | [128] |
| B. megaterium BM1 and B. subtilis BS43, BSM0, BSM2 | Wheat spikes | F. graminearum | n/a | Degradation of DON Metabolites | In vitro and field (spikes) | [129] |
| B. subtilis BaSu1/BaSu3, B. amyloliquefaciens BaAm and Chaetomium globosum CG1/CG2, Phoma glomerata PG1, Aureobasidium proteae AP5 and Sarocladium kiliense SK1/SK2 | Wheat endosphere | F. graminearum and F. culmorum | n/a | Antibiosis | In vitro and greenhouse (detached wheat spikelets) | [22] |
| B. amyloliquefaciens TrigoCor | Wheat rhizosphere | F. graminearum | n/a | Iturin | Field and greenhouse (spikes) | [130] |
| B. amyloliquefaciens S76-3 | Wheat spikes | F. graminearum | n/a | Iturin A and plipastatin | In vitro | [131] |
| B. amyloliquefaciens Y1 | Soil | F. graminearum | n/a | Metabolites Cyclo D-PRO-L- VAL | In vitro | [132] |
| B. amyloliquefaciens B8 and B3 | Soil | F. graminearum and culmorum | Yes | Phytohormones | In vitro and greenhouse | [133] |
| B. amyloliquefaciens BLB369, B. subtilis BLB277, Pae. polymyxa BLB267 | Soil | F. graminearum | Yes | Supernatant (iturin and surfactin, fengycin, fusaricidin and polymyxin) | In vitro and greenhouse | [134] |
|
B. megaterium MKB135
Pseudomonas fluorescens MKB21 and MKB91 |
Cereal rhizospheres, leaves, grain and weeds | Z. tritici | Yes | Cell free surpernantant and VOC | Field and greenhouse (leaves) | [135] |
| B. subtilis strains 53 and 71, P. fluorescens biov1 strain 32 and Streptomyces sp. strain 3 | Wheat kernels | F. graminearum | Yes | Volatiles metabolites | In vitro and greenhouse (spikes) | [136] |
| Antibiotics tubercidin, phosphlactomycin and candicidin, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, phenasin, fengymcine, bacillomycin | ||||||
| Phytohormone regulation | ||||||
| B. subtilis RC 218, S. sp. BRC87B. and Brevibacillus sp. BRC263 | Wheat anthers | F. graminearum | Yes | Space and nutrients competition | Field, greenhouse and in vitro | [125,126,137,138,139,140] |
| Metabolites | ||||||
| Streptomyces. sp. DEF09 | Wheat root | F. graminearum | Yes | Metabolites | Field, greenhouse (spikes) and in vitro | [141] |
| IAA | ||||||
| Streptomyces. sp. BN1 | Rice kernels | F. graminearum | n/a | n/a | In vitro and greenhouse (seeds and spikes) | [142] |
| B. cereus | Soil from wheat fields | F. graminearum | Yes | Dose and cultivar dependent | In vitro and greenhouse (seeds) | [143] |
| B. subtilis AS43.3/AS43.4, Cryptococcus sp. OH71.4 and Cryptococcus nodaensis OH182.9 | Wheat anthers | F. graminearum | n/a | n/a | Field, greenhouse (spikes) and in vitro | [144,145] |
| Co-cultures of B. subtilis OH 131.1 and Cryptococcus flavescens OH 182.9 | ARS NRRL | F. graminearum | n/a | Plipastatin and subtilomycin | Greenhouse (spikes) | [146] |
| Lactobacillus brevis JJ2P; Lactobacillus reuteri R2 | Porcine gut, cheese | Z. tritici | n/a | Cell free supernatant (phenyllactic acid and hydroxyphenyllactic acid) | In vitro and greenhouse (leaves) | [147] |
| Lactobacillus plantarum strain 21B | Sourdough breads | F. graminearum | n/a | Antifungal phenyllactic acid and 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid | In vitro | [148] |
| Paenibacillus polymyxa SGK2 | Wheat rhizosphere | F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. verticillioides | Yes | Competition for nutrients (iron) | In vitro and greenhouse (seeds) | [149] |
| Pae. polymyxa W1-14-3 and C1-8-b | Rhizosphere | F. graminearum | Yes | Inhibition of fungal germination | In vitro and greenhouse (spikes) | [150] |
| glucanolytic enzyme, cellulase, mannanase xylase, chitinase and protease | ||||||
| supernatant activity (enzymatic or antibiotic activities: polymyxins, benzoic acid, fusaricidin A and antibiotic peptides) | ||||||
| Pae. sp. B2 | INRAE Dijon | Z. tritici | n/a | ISR | Field and greenhouse (leaves) | [151] |
| P. fluorescens LEC1 | Wheat phyllosphere | Z. tritici | n/a | Antibiotics 1- hydroxyphenazine and chlororaphin | In vitro and greenhouse (leaves) | [152] |
| P. fluorescens PFM2 | Wheat phyllosphere | M. graminicola | n/a | Antibiotics 2-4-diacetylphoroglucinol and phenazine-l-carboxylic acid | In vitro | [153] |
| P sp. AS 64.4 | Wheat anthers | F. graminearum | n/a | Nutrients competition (choline metabolizing strain) | Field, greenhouse (spikes) and in vitro | [154] |
| P. putida BK8661 | Wheat phyllosphere | Z. tritici | Yes | HCN, siderophore, antibiotics | In vitro and greenhouse (leaves) | [155] |
| P. aeruginosa LEC1 | Soil | Z. tritici | n/a | Antibiotic (Pyocyanine) and Siderophore (pyoverdine) | In vitro and field (leaves) | [156] |
| P. chlororaphis MA 342 | Craw berry rhizosphere | Septoria nodorum | n/a | n/a | Field (seeds) | [157] |
| P. piscium ZJU60 | Wheat anthers | F. graminearum | n/a | Phenazine-1-carboxamide | Field and greenhouse (spikes) | [158] |
| P. fluorescens LY1-8 | Wheat tissues | F. graminearum | n/a | Extracellular hydrolytic enzymes (protease, chitinase, cellulose, glucanase and siderophore) and antagonistic activity | Field and greenhouse (spikes) | [159] |
| Devosia sp. strain NKJ1 and Nocardioides spp. strains SS3 or SS4 | Wheat field soil | F. graminearum | Yes | Degradation of DON | In vitro | [160] |
Rows highlighted in grey depict the authors hypothesis for the mode of action of beneficial bacteria based on their preliminary studies.