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(a) Four steps in microtubule automata theoretical simulation. The state of each peanut-shaped tubulin protein is influenced by neighbor states in the microtubule lattice, resulting in moving patterns (1,2,3, and 4) capable of organizing cellular activities [16]. (b) In another theoretical simulation, a kinase (CaMKII) phosphorylates six tubulins in a microtubule lattice, encoding information. The hexagonal CaMKII precisely matches the microtubule A and B lattices [15].
