Table 3.
Frequency of the codes, categories, and themes generated from the semistructured interviews across four countries
| |
Setting |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Code | TWN | U.S. | NLD | HTI |
| Theme 1: Lack of trust | ||||
| Category: Distrust of COVID-19 vaccines | ||||
| 1.Developed very quickly | 10 (32.3%) | 10 (32.3%) | 6 (19.4%) | 5 (16.1%) |
| 2.Concerns regarding safety | 30 (37.0%) | 18 (22.2%) | 10 (12.3%) | 23 (28.4%) |
| 3.Concerns regarding effectiveness | 18 (34.0%) | 13 (24.5%) | 5 (9.4%) | 17 (32.1%) |
| Category: Distrust in the pharmaceutical industry | ||||
| 4.Rushed to place the vaccine on the market | 5 (18.5%) | 8 (29.6%) | 10 (37.0%) | 4 (14.8%) |
| 5.Doubt that clinical trials were reliable | 4 (50.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (50.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Category: Distrust in government entities | ||||
| 6.Rushed to approve the vaccine for use | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Theme 2: Individual-level influences | ||||
| Category: Individual risk perception | ||||
| 7.Perceived lack of necessity or urgency | 23 (65.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 12 (34.3%) |
| 8.Perceived low risk from getting COVID-19 | 15 (53.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 13 (46.4%) |
| Category: Beliefs and attitudes regarding health and prevention | ||||
| 9.Preference for natural immunity against COVID-19 | 12 (92.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (7.7%) |
| 10.Adopt other precautionary measures | 5 (55.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (44.4%) |
| 11.Lack of knowledge regarding COVID-19 vaccines | 6 (40.0%) | 6 (40.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (20.0%) |
| Theme 3: Contextual influences-communication and the media environment | ||||
| Category: Misinformation and rumors | ||||
| 12.Get COVID from vaccines | 3 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| 13.Vaccines can affect a woman’s fertility | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| 14.Vaccines are tested in black and low-incomes countries | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (100.0%) |
| 15.COVID–19 is not real | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (33.3%) | 4 (66.7%) |
| 16.Microchip conspiracy theory | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (66.7%) | 3 (33.3%) |
| Category: Information environment | ||||
| 17.Information is inconsistent and overwhelming | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (20.0%) | 4 (80.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| 18.Lack of verified information to make decision | 11 (22.4%) | 12 (24.5%) | 10 (20.4%) | 16 (32.7%) |
| Theme 4: Contextual influences-influential leaders and historical factors | ||||
| Category: Anti-vaccination lobbies | ||||
| 19.Anti-vaxxers | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (20.0%) | 8 (80.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Category: Historical influences | ||||
| 20.Tuskegee syphilis experiment | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| 21.Black community | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (42.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (57.1%) |
| Theme 5: Vaccine/vaccination-specific issues | ||||
| Category: Mode of administration | ||||
| 22.Fears or caution regarding injection | 7 (87.5%) | 1 (12.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| 23.Getting vaccinated twice | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Category: New vaccines | ||||
| 24.Wait and see | 27 (57.4%) | 13 (27.7%) | 2 (4.3%) | 5 (10.6%) |
| 25.Many unknowns regarding COVID-19 | 5 (35.7%) | 1 (7.1%) | 2 (14.3%) | 6 (42.9%) |
More than one mention per interview is possible. TWN, Taiwan; U.S., the United States; NLD, the Netherlands; HTI, Haiti.