Table 6.
Summary of PPH risk factors derived from the identified studies.
| Country | Study | Risk Factor |
Specific Risk Factors Studied | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Pregnancy | Antepartum | Intrapartum | |||
| Australia | Humphrey 2003 | Y | Pre-pregnancy risk factor: Indigenous ethnicity significant (OR 1 · 83 p < 0.001) † | ||
| Canada | Thomas 1968 | Y | Pre-pregnancy risk factor: High incidence of maternal death due to PPH indirectly suggests indigenous ethnicity as a risk factor | ||
| Carpenter 1965 | Y | Pre-pregnancy risk factor: Disproportionately high incidence of maternal death due to PPH in Native Indians indirectly suggests indigenous ethnicity as a risk factor | |||
| USA | Chalouhi, 2015 | Y | Y | Y | Native American ethnicity OR 1 · 8 (1 · 3–3 · 0, p = 0 · 02). Other factors studied in a 70.7% indigenous population: gravity <5 OR 1.2 (p = 0.008), birth weight <4500 g OR = 1.0 (p = 0.001), retained placenta OR 51.0 (p = 0.001), magnesium sulphate usage OR 3.5 (p = 0.0009) were significant risk factors. Maternal age < 35, parity < 5, labour induction or augmentation, and chorioamnionitis were not significant risk factors. |
| Fenton, 2005 | Y | Protective factor: AMTSL significantly reduced > 3 g/dl decrease in Hb (aOR 0.13, p < 0.001), the decrease in Hb (p = 0.001) and reduced EBL (p = 0.02) vs. routine care. There was no significant effect on EBL ≥500 ml (p = 0.28) or transfusion (p = 0.55) | |||
Y: Yes; Blank: No; †: source article did not provide an exact p-value.
List of risk factors examined for: Pre-pregnancy: maternal age, ethnicity, weight/body mass index, gravida, parity, prior C-section, prior PPH,
prior hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, prior curettage; Antepartum: poor prenatal care, smoking, hypertensive disease of pregnancy, gestation diabetes,
antenatal haemorrhage, anaemia, uterine fibroids, polyhydramnios, multiple gestation; Intrapartum: gestational age at delivery, induction of labour, mode of delivery, prolonged labour, precipitate labour, stillbirth, birth weight, retained placenta, maternal reproductive tract trauma, active management of third stage of labour, magnesium sulphate, chorioamnionitis.