Table 1.

Summary of included studies.

Study	Participants	Joint	Context	Skills Assessed	Objective Metrics	Subjective Tools	QA	LOE
Ferguson et al., 2017 [21]	18 medical students	Knee and shoulder	Simulator	Diagnostic arthroscopy	Task completion time; path length of subject’s hands; number of hand movements	BAKSSS	Fair	2
Li et al, 2020 [22]	16 residents	Knee	Simulator	Remove loose bodies; triangulation; guided diagnostic	Task completion time; camera path length; cartilage injury	–	Good	1
Alvand et al., 2011 [24]	33 medical students	Knee and shoulder	Simulator	Triangulation; remove loose bodies	Task completion time; path length of subject’s hands; number of hand movements	–	Fair	2
Andersen et al., 2011 [25]	14 surgeons	Shoulder	Simulator	Diagnostic arthroscopy	Task completion time; camera and probe path length; depth and number of collisions	–	Good	2
Beaudoin et al., 2021 [26]	30 medical students	Knee	Simulator	Diagnostic arthroscopy; meniscectomy	Task completion time; camera path length; meniscus cutting score visual parameters;	OAAS; CBA	Good	2
Wang et al., 2019 [37]	28 medical students	Knee and shoulder	Simulator and cadaver	Diagnostic arthroscopy	Task completion rate	ASSET	Good	1
Bhashyam et al., 2017 [27]	48 surgeons and residents	–	Simulator	Triangulation	Highest tapped number; number of errors; visualization loss; number of lookdowns	–	Good	2
Camp et al., 2016 [39]	45 residents	Knee	Cadaver	Diagnostic arthroscopy	Task completion time	ASSET	Good	2
Cychosz et al., 2018 [28]	43 medical students	Knee	Simulator	Diagnostic arthroscopy	Task completion time; camera path length; cartilage damage	–	Fair	2
Dunn et al., 2015 [46]	17 residents	Shoulder	Patient	Diagnostic arthroscopy	Task completion time	14-point diagnostic shoulder arthroscopy checklist; ASSET	Good	2
Henn et al., 2013 [41]	17 medical students	Shoulder	Cadaver	Probing examination	Task completion time	GOALS	Fair	2
Frank et al., 2019 [29]	36 subjects	–	Simulator	Triangulation	Task completion time; task completion rate	–	Good	2
Hauschild et al, 2021 [40]	38 residents	Shoulder	Cadaver	Anterior labral repair	–	Procedural step checklist; ASSET	Good	2
Garfjeld Roberts et al., 2019 [47]	30 residents	Knee	Patient	Diagnostic arthroscopy	Task completion time; number of hand movements; smoothness of movements	–	Good	2
Howells et al., 2008 [48]	20 junior trainees	Knee	Patient	diagnostic arthroscopy	–	OCAP checklist; OSATS	Good	2
Huri et al., 2021 [30]	34 orthopaedics trainees	Shoulder	Simulator	Diagnostic arthroscopy; remove loose bodies	Task completion time; camera and grasper path length; scratching of cartilage surfaces	–	Fair	2
Jackson et al., 2012 [31]	19 residents	Knee	Simulator	Meniscal repair	Task completion time; path length of subject’s hands; number of hand movements	–	Good	2
Kim et al., 2017 [45]	14 residents	Knee	Porcine knee model	Diagnostic arthroscopy	Task completion time	ASSET	Fair	3
Martin et al., 2016 [34]	48 residents	Shoulder	Simulator	Diagnostic Arthroscopy	Task completion time; probe distance and tip distance;	–	Fair	3
Ledermann et al., 2020 [32]	11 residents	Knee	Simulator and patient	Meniscectomy	–	ASSET	Good	2
Bouaicha et al., 2020 [23]	18 medical students, 1 intern	Knee	Simulator	Triangulation	Task completion time; camera path length	–	Good	2
Martin et al., 2015 [33]	29 interns and residents	Ankle	simulator and cadaver	Diagnostic arthroscopy	Task completion time	15-point diagnostic ankle arthroscopy checklist; ASSET	Good	1
Middleton et al., 2016 [35]	17 medical students or interns	Knee	Simulator	Diagnostic arthroscopy	Task completion time; number of hand movements	BAKSSS	Good	2
Rahm et al., 2018 [36]	20 residents and 5 experts	Knee and shoulder	Simulator	Diagnostic arthroscopy probing examination	Task completion time; camera path length	ASSET	Fair	3
Redondo et al., 2020 [43]	28 medical students	Knee and shoulder	Cadaver	Diagnostic arthroscopy; triangulation	Task completion rate	ASSET	Good	2
Sandberg et al., 2017 [44]	24 medical students	Knee	Cadaver	Diagnostic arthroscopy	Number of attempts to reach proficiency	BAKSSS	Good	2
Rebolledo et al., 2015 [42]	14 residents	Knee and shoulder	Cadaver	Diagnostic arthroscopy	Task completion time	Injury grading index (IGI)	Fair	2
Waterman et al., 2016 [38]	22 residents	Shoulder	Simulator and patient	Diagnostic arthroscopy	Simulator: completion time; camera and probe distance Patient: completion time	Patient: 14-point diagnostic arthroscopy checklist; ASSET	Good	2

Note: QA: quality assurance; LOE: level of evidence.