Table 2.
Comparison of levels of cytokines/chemokines in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in 25 patients with the initial and second (meningoencephalitic) phase of tick-borne encephalitis.
| Immune response | Cytokine/chemokine | Serum initial phase ng/ml | Serum second phase ng/ml | CSF second phase ng/ml | P1 value | P2 value | P3 value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Innate | GM-CSF | 1.79 (1.55) | 1.03 (1.46) | 1.28 (0.49) | 0.152 | 0.068 | 0.824 |
| IFN-α | 27.5 (28.5) | 11.0 (17.7) | 32.3 (19.9) | 0.013 | 0.765 | 0.013 | |
| GRO-α | 242 (155) | 366 (273) | 0.30 (0.00) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| IL-10 | 0.12 (0.31) | 0.12 (0.00) | 0.12 (0.00) | 0.152 | 0.791 | 0.337 | |
| IL-15 | 0.32 (0.00) | 0.32 (0.00) | 0.32 (0.86) | 0.744 | 0.244 | 0.068 | |
| IL-1RA | 0.64 (4.00) | 2.27 (5.99) | 0.16 (0.00) | 0.891 | 0.191 | 0.174 | |
| IL-1β | 0.37 (0.09) | 0.37 (0.30) | 0.37 (0.00) | 0.559 | 0.457 | 0.419 | |
| IL-6 | 0.23 (0.00) | 0.23 (0.00) | 54.46 (72.39) | 0.583 | 0.002 | <0.001 | |
| IL-8 | 2.64 (2.89) | 3.00 (6.76) | 25.39 (22.66) | 0.560 | 0.001 | 0.024 | |
| MCP-1 | 300.91 (267.49) | 78.67 (41.76) | 383.97 (921.00) | <0.001 | 0.058 | <0.001 | |
| MIP-1α | 0.36 (0.00) | 0.36 (9.87) | 0.36 (0.00) | 0.259 | >0.999 | 0.029 | |
| TNF-α | 8.05 (4.12) | 9.16 (16.0) | 1.65 (2.01) | 0.457 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| VEGF-A | 38.5 (20.1) | 52.2 (39.8) | 25.6 (24.3) | 0.003 | 0.054 | 0.002 | |
| CXCL11 | 142 (175) | 25.2 (19.3) | 4.51 (7.56) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | |
| CCL19 | 62.05 (45.69) | 9.89 (16.4) | 140 (164) | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | |
| IFN-β | 33.8 (0.00) | 33.8 (0.00) | 33.8 (0.00) | 0.713 | 0.628 | 0.824 | |
| Th1 | IFN-γ | 1.31 (1.04) | 0.62 (1.02) | 4.77 (5.86) | 0.029 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| IL-2 | 0.33 (0.20) | 0.33 (0.02) | 0.33 (0.02) | >0.999 | 0.591 | 0.545 | |
| CXCL10 | 1030 (877) | 80.8 (21.5) | 3325 (5045) | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | |
| CXCL9 | 193 (156) | 82.6 (58.5) | 92.8 (166) | 0.001 | 0.182 | 0.131 | |
| Th2 | IL-4 | 80.64 (171.99) | 52.43 (132.49) | 0.31 (0.00) | >0.999 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Th17 | IL-17A | 0.58 (0.46) | 0.47 (0.35) | 0.70 (0.12) | >0.999 | 0.791 | 0.821 |
| IL-21 | 2.72 (3.95) | 5.50 (8.00) | 2.72 (0.00) | 0.941 | 0.019 | 0.002 | |
| IL-23 | 0.08 (0.92) | 0.09 (0.66) | 0.08 (0.00) | 0.537 | 0.019 | 0.010 | |
| IL-27 | 0.23 (0.17) | 0.21 (0.24) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.457 | 0.002 | 0.002 | |
| B cell | CXCL13 | 14.61 (5.24) | 11.63 (5.65) | 0.27 (0.00) | 0.023 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| CXCL12 | 724 (204) | 778 (196) | 602 (357) | 0.655 | 0.591 | 0.545 | |
| BAFF | 0.58 (0.56) | 0.18 (0.48) | 0.06 (0.00) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
| APRIL | 278 (234) | 301 (162) | 390 (300) | >0.999 | 0.054 | 0.046 |
CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; P1, comparison of findings in serum obtained in the initial and in the second phase of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE); P2, comparison of findings in serum obtained in the initial phase and CSF obtained in the second phase of TBE; P3, comparison of findings in serum obtained in the second phase and CSF obtained in the second phase of TBE.