Table 2.
Summary of overall effect sizes for suicide ideation, suicide attempts, and self-harm during the COVID-19 pandemic.
| Variable | k | Events/Total | Event Rate | 95% CI | QT | I2 (%) | Egger's intercept | 95% CI | kTF | “Trim and fill” estimates[95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combined samples | ||||||||||
| Suicide ideation | 55 | 34,435 / 305,926 | 10.81% | [9.325; 12.504] | 8715.72⁎⁎⁎ | 99.38 | −2.99 | [−7.54; 1.56] | 0 | 10.812% [9.325; 12.504] |
| Suicide attempts | 13 | 486 / 19,744 | 4.68% | [2.346; 9.118] | 595.01⁎⁎⁎ | 97.98 | 2.39 | [−6.19; 10.98] | 0 | 4.680% [2.346; 9.118] |
| Self-harm | 9 | 2980 / 50,706 | 9.63% | [9.626; 23.227] | 2116.50⁎⁎⁎ | 99.62 | 5.42 | [−11.40; 22.24] | 1 | 7.671% [2.977; 18.366] |
| Community samples | ||||||||||
| Suicide ideation | 30 | 30,452 / 236,366 | 11.84% | [10.082; 13.848] | 5189.47⁎⁎⁎ | 99.44 | −3.20 | [−10.40; 4.00] | 0 | 11.836% [10.082; 13.848] |
| Suicide attempts | 7 | 361 / 18,719 | 2.68% | [1.232; 5.712] | 294.91⁎⁎⁎ | 97.97 | 2.06 | [−16.86; 20.98] | 2 | 1.581% [0.643; 3.838] |
| Self-harm | 3 | 2782 / 49,093 | 6.11% | [0.796; 34.587] | 1934.97⁎⁎⁎ | 99.90 | 13.97 | [−487.02; 514.96] | 0 | 6.114% [0.796; 34.587] |
| Clinical samples | ||||||||||
| Suicide ideation | 16 | 2750 / 51,868 | 10.70% | [5.809; 18.869] | 2286.40⁎⁎⁎ | 99.34 | −4.93 | [−13.74; 3.89] | 0 | 10.695% [5.809; 18.870] |
| Suicide attempts | 6 | 125 / 1025 | 10.87% | [4.774; 22.875] | 64.12⁎⁎⁎ | 91.20 | −1.55 | [−9.09; 5.99] | 0 | 10.868% [4.774; 22.875] |
| Self-harm | 6 | 198 / 1613 | 12.03% | [6.452; 21.315] | 70.05⁎⁎⁎ | 92.86 | −2.40 | [−11.31; 6.52] | 0 | 12.025% [6.452; 21.32] |
| Frontline samples | ||||||||||
| Suicide ideation | 9 | 1233 / 17,692 | 6.96% | [5.473; 8.820] | 102.104⁎⁎⁎ | 92.16 | 0.04 | [−5.11; 5.19] | 0 | 6.962% [5.473; 8.882] |
| Suicide attempts | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Self-harm | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Note. k = number of included samples; Events/Total = number of participants reporting a behavior relative to the total number of participants; CI = confidence interval; QT = measure of heterogeneity; I2 = percentage of heterogeneity; kTF = number of imputed studies as part of “trim and fill” method.
⁎
p < .05.** p < .01.*** p < .001.