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. 2021 Mar 9;301:113863. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113863

Table 1.

Characteristics of Included Studies

Study Citation Country Study Design Response Rate (%) Sample Size (n) Male (%) Age (mean ± SD) Screening Tools and Cutoff Values
Depression Anxiety Sleep Disturbances
2020 Amatori (Amatori et al., 2020) Italy Cross-Sectional 64 159 58 23.0 ± 4.0 PHQ-9 ≥ 5 - -
2020 Aslan (Aslan et al., 2020) Turkey Cross-Sectional 3 358 42 23.0 PHQ-8 ≥ 10 GAD-7 ≥ 10 -
2020 Aylie (Aylie et al., 2020) Ethiopia Cross-Sectional 98 314 37 22.6 ± 2.8 DASS-21D ≥ 10 DASS-21A ≥ 8 -
2020 Benham (Benham, 2020) USA Repeated Cross-Sectional - 450 (T1), 345 (T2) 27 21.1 ± 4.4 (T1), 22.7 ± 6.0 (T2) - - PSQI > 5
2020 Biber (Biber et al., 2020) USA Cross-Sectional 50 1640 39 - - GAD-7 ≥ 5 -
2020 Bourion-Bédès (Bourion-Bédès et al., 2021) France Cross-Sectional - 3936 29 21.7 ± 4.0 - GAD-7 ≥ 5 -
2020 Chang (Chang et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 91 3881 37 20a PHQ-9 ≥ 5 GAD-7 ≥ 5 -
2020 Chen (Chen et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 89 323489 40 - PHQ-9 ≥ 10 - -
2020 Chi (Chi et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 96 2038 37 20.6 ± 1.9 PHQ-9 ≥ 10 SAS ≥ 50 -
2020 Deng A (B. Deng et al., 2020b) China Cross-Sectional 99 517 26 - - SAS ≥ 50 -
2020 Deng B (C.-H. Deng et al., 2020a) China Cross-Sectional 96 1607 65 - DASS-21D ≥ 10 DASS-21A ≥ 7 -
2020 Dhar (Dhar et al., 2020) Bangladesh Cross-Sectional - 15543 67 - - GAD-7 ≥ 5 -
2020 Díaz-Jiménez (Díaz-Jiménez et al., 2020) Spain Cross-Sectional 20 365 10 23.2 ± 6.2 - DASS-21A ≥ 8 -
2020 Ding (Ding and Hu, 2020) China Cross-Sectional 95 3055 46 - Custom Questionnaire Custom Questionnaire -
2020 Dong (Dong, 2020) China Cross-Sectional 97 4085 23 18.9 ± 0.6 SCL-90 (Depression Domain) ≥ 2 SCL-90 (Anxiety Domain) ≥ 2 -
2020 Dratva (Dratva et al., 2020) Switzerland Cross-Sectional 18 2223 33 26.4 ± 5.6 - GAD-7 ≥ 10 -
2020 Du (Du et al., 2020) China, Ireland, Malaysia, Taiwan, South Korea, Netherlands, USA Cross-Sectional - 2254 31 22.5 ± 5.5 - GAD-7 ≥ 10 PSQI > 5
2020 Essadek (Essadek and Rabeyron, 2020) France Cross-Sectional 13 8004 33 21.7 PHQ-9 ≥ 10 GAD-7 ≥ 7 -
2020 Fan A (Fan et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 97 4148 27 20.6 ± 1.5 - SAS ≥ 50 -
2020 Fan B (Fan and Yu, 2020a) China Cross-Sectional 93 932 47 - - - PSQI > 7
2020 Fan C (Fan and Yu, 2020b) China Longitudinal - 406 - - - SAS ≥ 50 -
2020 Fawaz (Fawaz and Samaha, 2020) Lebanon Cross-Sectional 84 520 39 21.0 ± 2.7 DASS-21D ≥ 10 DASS-21A ≥ 8 -
2020 Feltz-Cornelis (Van Der Feltz-Cornelis et al., 2020) UK Cross-Sectional 5 925 26 27.5 PHQ-9 ≥ 10 GAD-7 ≥ 10 -
2020 Fu (Fu et al., 2021b) China Cross-Sectional - 89588 44 - - GAD-7 ≥ 5 -
2020 Gavurova (Gavurova et al., 2020) Slovakia Cross-Sectional 84 1523 36 - PHQ-9 ≥ 5 - -
2020 Ge (Ge et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 80 2009 49 - - GAD-7 ≥ 7 ISI > 14
2020 Ghazawy (Ghazawy et al., 2020) Egypt Cross-Sectional - 1335 38 - DASS-21D ≥ 10 DASS-21A ≥ 8 -
2020 Graupensperger (Graupensperger et al., 2020) USA Cross-Sectional 58 135 37 19.8 ± 1.4 PROMIS-8D T-Score ≥ 55 - -
2020 Gritsenko (Gritsenko et al., 2020) Russia, Belarus Cross-Sectional - 939 19 21.8 ± 5.4 FCV-19S - -
2020 Han (Han et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 93 405 33 - DASS-21D ≥ 10 DASS-21A ≥ 8 -
2020 Islam (Islam et al., 2020) Bangladesh Cross-Sectional 95 476 67 - PHQ-9 ≥ 5 GAD-7 ≥ 5 -
2020 Ji (Ji et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 98 515 24 - - - PSQI ≥ 8
2020 Jiang (Jiang and Li, 2020) China Cross-Sectional 96 472 42 - - SCL-90 (Anxiety Domain) ≥ 2 -
2020 Khoshaim (Khoshaim et al., 2020) Saudi Arabia Cross-Sectional 8 400 25 - - SAS ≥ 45 -
2020 Lai (A. Y.-K. Lai et al., 2020) UK, USA Cross-Sectional - 124 36 - - - ISI ≥ 15
2020 Li (Li et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 96 1000 - 21.8 ± 2.5 - SAS ≥ 50 -
2020 Lian (Lian et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 96 1437 55 - SCL-90 (Depression Domain) ≥ 2 SCL-90 (Anxiety Domain) ≥ 2 -
2020 Liang (Liang et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 1 4164 52 - PHQ-9 ≥ 5 - -
2020 Lin A (Lin et al., 2020b) China Cross-Sectional - 625 35 20.2 ± 1.9 CES-D ≥ 16 - -
2020 Lin B (Lin and Xu, 2020) China Cross-Sectional 98 1297 44 - PHQ-9 ≥ 5 GAD-7 ≥ 5 -
2020 Liu (Liu, 2020) China Cross-Sectional 96 191 - - SCL-90 (Depression Domain) ≥ 2 SCL-90 (Anxiety Domain) ≥ 2 -
2020 Ma A (L. Ma et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 97 516 53 20.8 ± 1.4 SCL-90 (Depression Domain) ≥ 2 SCL-90 (Anxiety Domain) ≥ 2 -
2020 Ma B (Z. Ma et al., 2020b) China Cross-Sectional 91 746217 44 - PHQ-9 ≥ 7 GAD-7 ≥ 7 -
2020 Naser (Naser et al., 2020) Jordan Cross-Sectional - 1165 46 - PHQ-9 ≥ 5 GAD-7 ≥ 5 -
2020 Nurunnabi (Nurunnabi et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional - 559 40 - - Custom Questionnaire -
2020 Ozamiz-Etxebarria (Ozamiz-Etxebarria et al., 2020) Spain Longitudinal 92 44 16 19.5 - GAD-7 ≥ 7 -
2020 Pavithra (Pavithra and Dheepak Sundar, 2020) India Cross-Sectional - 396 46 - - - Custom Questionnaire
2020 Perz (Perz et al., 2020) USA Cross-Sectional - 237 27 30.3 ± 10.2 - GAD-7 ≥ 5 -
2020 Qiu (Qiu et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 98 1100 29 - - GAD-7 ≥ 5 -
2020 Ren (Ren et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional - 4560 27 21.1 ± 1.4 SDS ≥ 53 - -
2020 Rogowska A (Rogowska et al., 2020b) Ukraine Cross-Sectional 98 1512 31 - PHQ-9 ≥ 10 GAD-7 ≥ 10 -
2020 Rogowska B (Rogowska et al., 2020a) Poland Cross-Sectional 100 914 57 23.0 ± 2.6 - GAD-7 ≥ 10 -
2020 Rudenstine (Rudenstine et al., 2020) USA Cross-Sectional 62 1821 27 -b PHQ-9 ≥ 5 GAD-7 ≥ 5 -
2020 Saddik (Saddik et al., 2020) UAE Longitudinal 93 1090 28 20.5 ± 2.3 - GAD-7 ≥ 10 -
2020 Salman (Salman et al., 2020) Pakistan Cross-Sectional - 1134 30 21.7 ± 3.5 PHQ-9 ≥ 10 GAD-7 ≥ 10 -
2020 Sañudo (Sañudo et al., 2020) Spain Cross-Sectional 14 20 55 22.6 ± 3.4 - - PSQI > 5
2020 Sayeed (Sayeed et al., 2020) Bangladesh Cross-Sectional - 589 66 - DASS-21D ≥ 10 DASS-21A ≥ 7 -
2020 Scotta (Scotta et al., 2020) Argentina Cross-Sectional - 584 18 22.5 ± 6.3 - - ISI ≥ 15
2020 Sundarasen (Sundarasen et al., 2020) Malaysia Cross-Sectional 93 983 34 - - SAS ≥ 45 -
2020 Tang (Tang et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 69 2485 39 19.8 ± 1.6 PHQ-9 ≥ 10 - -
2020 Tasnim (Tasnim et al., 2020) Bangladesh Cross-Sectional 98 3331 59 21.4 ± 1.9 DASS-21D > 14 DASS-21A > 10 Custom Questionnaire
2020 Thahir (Thahir et al., 2020) Indonesia Cross-Sectional - 1044 17 21.1 ± 2.4 KADS-6 ≥ 6 - -
2020 Verma (Verma, 2020) India Cross-Sectional - 131 48 - PHQ-9 ≥ 5 GAD-7 ≥ 5 -
2020 Wang A (Wang, 2020) China Cross-Sectional 100 3178 28 - - HAM-A ≥ 7 -
2020 Wang B (Wang and Zhao, 2020) China Cross-Sectional 95 3611 40 - - SAS ≥ 50 -
2020 Wang C (Z.-H. Wang et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 80 44447 45 21.0 ± 2.4 CES-D ≥ 28 SAS ≥ 50 -
2020 Wang D (S. Wang et al., 2020c) China Cross-Sectional - 1365 40 -c - SAS ≥ 50 -
2020 Wang E (X. Wang et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional - 3092 34 - - GAD-7 ≥ 5 SRSS ≥ 23
2020 Wang F (C. Wang et al., 2020b) China Longitudinal 31 1172 39 - - SAS ≥ 50 -
2020 Wang G (Y. Wang et al., 2020d) China Cross-Sectional 89 3179 30 - PHQ-9 ≥ 5 GAD-7 ≥ 5 -
2020 Wathelet (Wathelet et al., 2020) France Cross-Sectional 4 69054 28 -d BID-13 ≥ 16 STAI ≥ 56 -
2020 Wu A (B. B. Wu et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 95 807 51 - SCL-90 (Depression Domain) ≥ 2 SCL-90 (Anxiety Domain) ≥ 2 -
2020 Wu B (T. H. Wu et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional - 11787 43 20.5 ± 1.8 - GAD-7 ≥ 5 -
2020 Xia (Xia and Li, 2020) China Cross-Sectional 100 1186 17 - - EAS ≥ 40 -
2020 Xiang (Xiang et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 60 1396 63 20.7 ± 1.8 SDS ≥ 50 SAS ≥ 50 -
2020 Xiao (Xiao et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 100 3966 40 - PHQ-9 ≥ 5 - -
2020 Xu (Xu and Li, 2020) China Cross-Sectional 97 6891 31 - SDS ≥ 53 SAS ≥ 50 -
2020 Yang A (Y. Y. Yang et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 93 1667 48 20.6 ± 2.0 PQEEPH PQEEPH -
2020 Yang B (X. J. Yang et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 94 4139 35 - PHQ-9 ≥ 5 GAD-7 ≥ 5 -
2020 Ye (Ye et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 96 5532 56 - Custom Questionnaire Custom Questionnaire Custom Questionnaire
2020 Yi (Yi et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 91 393 31 21.7 ± 0.9 SDS ≥ 53 SAS ≥ 50 -
2020 Yue (Yue et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 100 737 29 - - Custom Questionnaire -
2020 Zhang A (Y. Zhang et al., 2020) China Longitudinal 100 66 38 20.7 ± 2.1 DASS-21D ≥ 10 DASS-21A ≥ 8 PSQI > 5
2020 Zhang B (L. L. Zhang et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional - 7833 27 19.8 ± 1.9 PHQ-9 ≥ 5 GAD-7 ≥ 5 -
2020 Zhang C (X. Y. Zhang et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 97 1409 52 - SDS ≥ 53 SAS ≥ 50 -
2020 Zhang D (B. Zhang et al., 2020) China Repeated Cross-Sectional 99 (T1), 98 (T2) 2504 (T1), 2647 (T2) 27 - - Custom Questionnaire Custom Questionnaire
2020 Zhang E (J. Zhang et al., 2020) China Cross-Sectional 91 312 21 19.6 ± 2.0 PHQ-9 ≥ 5 - -
2020 Zhao A (Zhao, 2020) China Cross-Sectional - 376 19 - Custom Questionnaire Custom Questionnaire -
2020 Zhao B (Zhao et al., 2020) Korea, China, Japan Cross-Sectional 99 821 37 23.1 ± 4.8 PHQ-9 ≥ 5 - -

Cells containing “-“ indicate that the study author did not provide any relevant information for that column.

Abbreviations: USA United States of America, UAE United Arab Emirates, UK United Kingdom, SD standard deviation, PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire-9, GAD-7 General Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, SAS Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, DASS-21D Depression Anxiety Stress Scales depression subscale, DASS-21A Depression Anxiety Stress Scales anxiety subscale, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, ISI Insomnia Severity Index, PROMIS-8D Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Depression-8, FCV-19S Fear of COVID-19 Scale, SCL-90 Symptom Checklist-90, HAM-A Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, EAS Existence of Anxiety Scale, PQEEPH Psychological Questionnaires for Emergent Events of Public Health, SRSS Self-Rating Scale of Sleep, KADS Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale, BID-13 13-item Beck Depression Inventory, STAI State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, PHQ-8 Patient Health Questionnaire-8.

a

The interquartile range was 19-22.

b

The median age was 26.2 with a range of 18-77.

c

The age range was 18-28.

d

The median age was 20.0 with an interquartile range of 18-22.