Table 3.
Subgroup Analysis of Depression, Anxiety, and Sleep Disturbance Prevalence
| Depression | Anxiety | Sleep Disturbances | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 41%, 95% CI: 27-55% I2 = 100% |
37%, 95% CI: 21-53% I2 = 100% |
19%, 95% CI: 12-27% I2 = 72% |
| Female | 48%, 95% CI: 35-62% I2 = 100% |
44%, 95% CI: 34-55% I2 = 100% |
20%, 95% CI: 15-26% I2 = 74% |
|
| Financial Difficulties | Yes | 61%, 95% CI: 40-79% I2 = 100% |
49%, 95% CI: 25-73% I2 = 100% |
- |
| No | 49%, 95% CI: 39-60% I2 = 97% |
40%, 95% CI: 14-70% I2 = 100% |
- | |
| Living Alone | Yes | 52%, 95% CI: 28-76% I2 = 95% |
61%, 95% CI: 20-95% I2 = 100% |
- |
| No | 47%, 95% CI: 18-78% I2 = 99% |
44%, 95% CI: 15-77% I2 = 100% |
- | |
| Education Level | College | - | 6%, 95% CI: 2-11%a | - |
| Undergraduate | 32%, 95% CI: 22-44% I2 = 100% |
24%, 95% CI: 17-30% I2 = 100% |
30%, 95% CI: 18-44% I2 = 100% |
|
| Graduate | 25%, 95% CI: 0-73% I2 = 97% |
14%, 95% CI: 4-29% I2 = 98% |
20%, 95% CI 16-24%a | |
| Undergraduate Year of Study | Year 1 | 17%, 95% CI: 8-27% I2 = 99% |
19%, 95% CI: 12-27% I2 = 99% |
- |
| Year 2 | 21%, 95% CI: 9-35% I2 = 98% |
19%, 95% CI: 11-29% I2 = 99% |
- | |
| Year 3 | 24%, 95% CI: 12-38% I2 = 98% |
22%, 95% CI: 13-33% I2 = 99% |
- | |
| Year 4 | 29%, 95% CI: 15-45% I2 = 97% |
25%, 95% CI: 14-37% I2 = 97% |
- | |
| Severity | Mild | 23%, 95% CI: 21-26% I2 = 99% |
20%, 95% CI: 15-25% I2 = 100% |
- |
| Moderate | 13%, 95% CI: 8-19% I2 = 100% |
11%, 95% CI: 6-18% I2 = 100% |
- | |
| Severe | 8%, 95% CI: 5-12% I2 = 100% |
6%, 95% CI: 3-12% I2 = 100% |
- | |
| Country | China | 24%, 95% CI: 20-28% I2 = 100% |
23%, 95% CI: 18-28% I2 = 100% |
23%, 95% CI: 14-32% I2 = 99% |
| Bangladesh | 70%, 95% CI: 58-80% I2 = 98% |
73%, 95% CI: 31-99% I2 = 100% |
27%, 95% CI: 26-29%a | |
| France | 29%, 95% CI: 7-57% I2 = 100% |
42%, 95% CI: 26-60% I2 = 100% |
- | |
| USA | 55%, 95% CI: 8-97% I2 = 99% |
74%, 95% CI: 46-94% I2 = 100% |
66%, 95% CI: 62-69%a | |
| Russia | 53%, 95% CI: 49-57%a | - | - | |
| Belarus | 42%, 95% CI: 36-48%a | - | - | |
| Jordan | 87%, 95% CI: 85-89%a | 80%, 95% CI: 77-82%a | - | |
| Spain | - | 56%, 95% CI: 39-72% I2 = 79% |
45%, 95% CI: 24-67%a | |
| UAE | - | 23%, 95% CI: 20-25%a | - | |
| Pakistan | 45%, 95% CI: 42-48%a | 34%, 95% CI: 31-37%a | - | |
| Malaysia | - | 8%, 95% CI: 6-10%a | - | |
| India | 39%, 95% CI: 31-47%a | 31%, 95% CI: 24-40%a | 65%, 95% CI: 60-70%a | |
| Korea | 49%, 95% CI: 44-54%a | - | - | |
| Japan | 60%, 95% CI: 52-68%a | - | - | |
| Egypt | 70%, 95% CI: 68-73%a | 54%, 95% CI: 51-56%a | - | |
| Ethiopia | 22%, 95% CI: 18-27%a | 28%, 95% CI: 23-33%a | - | |
| Indonesia | 31%, 95% CI: 28-34%a | - | - | |
| Italy | 77%, 95% CI: 70-83%a | - | - | |
| Lebanon | 33%, 95% CI: 29-38%a | 44%, 95% CI: 40-48%a | - | |
| Slovakia | 72%, 95% CI: 69-74%a | - | - | |
| Turkey | 63%, 95% CI: 58-68%a | 52%, 95% CI: 46-57%a | - | |
| UK | 46%, 95% CI: 43-50%a | 37%, 95% CI: 34-40%a | - | |
| Ukraine | 32%, 95% CI: 29-34%a | 24%, 95% CI: 22-26%a | - | |
| Poland | - | 35%, 95% CI: 32-38%a | - | |
| Saudi Arabia | - | 34%, 95% CI: 30-39%a | - | |
| Switzerland | - | 23%, 95% CI: 21-25%a | - | |
| Argentina | - | - | 27%, 95% CI: 23-31%a | |
Cells containing “-“ indicate that no relevant subgroup analyses had been conducted.
Abbreviations: CI Confidence Interval, USA United States of America, UAE United Arab Emirates, UK United Kingdom
a
Only one study was included in this subgroup.