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Triptolide provokes lipid peroxidation, excess iron accumulation, and GSH depletion. (a) MDA levels after treatment with triptolide for 24 h were detected by commercial assay kits. (b, c) The protein levels of 4-HNE were measured by Western blots. (d) Intracellular Fe2+ levels in AC16 cells. (e) Reduced GSH levels in AC16 cells. ns: no significant; ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 vs. the control group.
