Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of COVID-19 patients according to prognosis.
| Variable | Total |
Primary outcomea |
P-valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without Severe complications of COVID-19 | With Severe complications of COVID-19 | |||
| Number of patients | 3887 | 3598 | 289 | |
| Sex, male | 1451 (37.33) | 1275 (35.44) | 176 (60.90) | < 0.001 |
| Age, years | < 0.001 | |||
| < 60 | 2367 (60.90) | 2307 (64.12) | 60 (20.76) | |
| ≥ 60 | 1520 (39.10) | 1291 (35.88) | 229 (79.24) | |
| Household income | 0.002 | |||
| Q1, lowest | 1320 (33.96) | 1241 (34.49) | 79 (27.34) | |
| Q2 | 912 (23.46) | 852 (23.68) | 60 (20.76) | |
| Q3 | 705 (18.14) | 651 (18.09) | 54 (18.69) | |
| Q4, highest | 950 (24.44) | 854 (23.74) | 96 (33.22) | |
| Alcohol consumption, frequency per week | < 0.001 | |||
| < 1 time | 2656 (68.33) | 2442 (67.87) | 214 (74.05) | |
| 1–2 times | 921 (23.69) | 880 (24.46) | 41 (14.19) | |
| 3–4 times | 225 (5.79) | 198 (5.50) | 27 (9.34) | |
| ≥ 5 times | 85 (2.19) | 78 (2.17) | 7 (2.42) | |
| Smoking habit | < 0.001 | |||
| None | 3018 (77.64) | 2840 (78.93) | 178 (61.59) | |
| Former smoker | 573 (14.74) | 481 (13.37) | 92 (31.83) | |
| Current smoker | 296 (7.62) | 277 (7.70) | 19 (6.57) | |
| Physical activity, frequency per week | 0.020 | |||
| < 1 day | 806 (20.74) | 730 (20.29) | 76 (26.30) | |
| 1–4 days | 1693 (43.56) | 1586 (44.08) | 107 (37.02) | |
| ≥ 5 days | 1388 (35.71) | 1282 (35.63) | 106 (36.68) | |
| Anthropometric measurements | ||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.97 ± 3.29 | 23.91 ± 3.27 | 24.79 ± 3.43 | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 1304 (33.55) | 1115 (30.99) | 189 (65.40) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 601 (15.46) | 502 (13.95) | 99 (34.26) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke | 156 (4.01) | 123 (3.42) | 33 (11.42) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 209 (5.38) | 172 (4.78) | 37 (12.80) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 278 (7.15) | 230 (6.39) | 48 (16.61) | < 0.001 |
| Asthma | 212 (5.45) | 185 (5.14) | 29 (9.34) | 0.003 |
| Malignancy | 333 (8.57) | 289 (8.03) | 44 (15.22) | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 100.44 ± 22.87 | 99.54 ± 22.00 | 111.64 ± 29.65 | < 0.001 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 120.04 ± 73.46 | 118.22 ± 72.20 | 142.58 ± 84.51 | < 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 114.23 ± 33.03 | 114.83 ± 32.84 | 106.74 ± 34.46 | < 0.001 |
| TyG index | 8.54 ± 0.61 | 8.51 ± 0.61 | 8.81 ± 0.61 | < 0.001 |
| Clinical outcome | ||||
| Mechanical ventilation | 119 (3.06) | |||
| Intensive care unit care | 171 (4.40) | |||
| High-flow oxygen therapy | 83 (2.14) | |||
| Mortality | 114 (2.93) | |||
Data are represented as number of patients (%) or mean± standard deviation. Q, quartile; HDL, High-density lipoprotein; LDL, Low-density lipoprotein; TyG index is calculated by the following formula: ln [fasting triglycerides (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2].
a
Primary outcome is composite of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit care, high-flow oxygen therapy, and mortality within two months after COVID-19 diagnosis
b
P-value is derived from independent t-test or Chi’s square test between patient groups according to primary outcome.