Table 2.
Association factors for occurrence of severe complications in COVID-19 patients.
| Variable | Univariate OR [95% CI] | P-value | Adjusted OR [95% CI]a | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, male | 2.84 [2.22–3.63] | < 0.001 | 2.40 [1.72–3.34] | < 0.001 |
| Age, years | ||||
| < 60 | 1 (Ref) | – | 1 (Ref) | – |
| ≥ 60 | 6.82 [5.09–9.14] | < 0.001 | 3.89 [2.81–5.37] | < 0.001 |
| Household income | ||||
| Q1, lowest | 1 (Ref) | – | 1 (Ref) | – |
| Q2 | 1.11 [0.78–1.57] | 0.568 | 1.15 [0.79–1.66] | 0.474 |
| Q3 | 1.30 [0.91–1.87] | 0.148 | 1.17 [0.80–1.72] | 0.422 |
| Q4, highest | 1.77 [1.30–2.41] | < 0.001 | 1.42 [1.02–1.99] | 0.040 |
| Alcohol consumption, frequency per week | ||||
| < 1 time | 1 (Ref) | – | 1 (Ref) | – |
| 1–2 times | 0.53 [0.38–0.75] | < 0.001 | 0.52 [0.35–0.77] | 0.001 |
| 3–4 times | 1.56 [1.02–2.38] | 0.042 | 0.95 [0.58–1.57] | 0.851 |
| ≥ 5 times | 1.02 [0.47–2.25] | 0.953 | 0.46 [0.20–1.07] | 0.072 |
| Smoking habit | ||||
| None | 1 (Ref) | – | 1 (Ref) | – |
| Former smoker | 3.05 [2.33–4.00] | < 0.001 | 1.53 [1.07–2.21] | 0.021 |
| Current smoker | 1.09 [0.67–1.78] | 0.718 | 0.67 [0.38–1.17] | 0.155 |
| Physical activity, frequency per week | ||||
| < 1 day | 1 (Ref) | – | 1 (Ref) | – |
| 1–4 days | 0.65 [0.48–0.88] | 0.006 | 0.77 [0.55–1.07] | 0.124 |
| ≥ 5 days | 0.79 [0.58–1.08] | 0.142 | 0.80 [0.57–1.12] | 0.199 |
| Anthropometric measurements | ||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1.08 [1.04–1.12] | < 0.001 | 1.01 [0.97–1.06] | 0.586 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 4.21 [3.27–5.42] | < 0.001 | 1.78 [1.33–2.39] | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 3.21 [2.48–4.17] | < 0.001 | 1.20 [0.87–1.66] | 0.261 |
| Stroke | 3.64 [2.43–5.46] | < 0.001 | 1.25 [0.80–1.96] | 0.326 |
| Coronary artery disease | 2.93 [2.01–4.27] | < 0.001 | 1.21 [0.79–1.85] | 0.386 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 2.92 [2.08–4.09] | < 0.001 | 1.27 [0.86–1.88] | 0.225 |
| Asthma | 1.90 [1.25–2.90] | 0.003 | 1.33 [0.84–2.12] | 0.222 |
| Malignancy | 2.06 [1.46–2.90] | < 0.001 | 1.36 [0.93–1.99] | 0.115 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 0.87 [0.82–0.93] | < 0.001 | 0.93 [0.86–0.99] | 0.032 |
| Triglyceride/glucose index | 2.11 [1.75–2.54] | < 0.001 | 1.42 [1.12–1.79] | 0.003 |
Data are derived from logistic regression analysis for severe complications of COVID-19. Severe complications of COVID-19 are composite of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit care, high-flow oxygen therapy, and mortality.
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Q, quartile; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
a
Adjusted for sex, age, household income, alcohol consumption, smoking status, physical activity, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stroke, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, asthma, malignancy, and LDL cholesterol.