Table 1.

Output of Linear mixed models of body size (N = 348) and fluctuating size asymmetry (size FA) (N = 347) of each species as a function of biotic and abiotic covariates of urbanization, with site identity as random factor. Final models were selected through backward stepwise selection using AIC criterion. ΔAIC reports the difference in AIC values between full and final models. Models and results of shape FA are reported in Online resources, Table S3 as they were non-significant

Species	Response variable	Full model covariates	Final model covariates	ΔAIC	Bi	χ2; df	p value
Bombus terrestris	Body size	Temperature T	log (Floral resources)	16.5	0.025	6.610;1	0.010
		Edge density ED
		log (Floral resources FL)
		Interaction T × ED × FL
B. pascuorum	Body size	Temperature T	Temperature	17.9	− 0.003	7.403;1	0.006
		Edge density ED
		log (Floral resources FL)
		Interaction T × ED × FL
B. terrestris	Size FA	Temperature T	Temperature	23.5	0.052	7.183	0.007
		log (Floral resources FL)
		NO2 N
		Interaction T × FL × N
B. pascuorum	Size FA	Temperature T	log (Floral resources)	30.3	− 0.161	6.118;1	0.013
		log (Floral resources FL)
		NO2 N
		Interaction T × FL × N

Significant p values are reported in bold. βi regression coefficient, χ2 chi square values, df degrees of freedom÷