Table 3.
Application of measures by region of the world
| Measures | Areas (domains/items assessed) | Countries where measures are useda | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| East Asia | Non-East Asian countries | East Asia and non-East Asian countries combined | ||
| Generic | ||||
| EuroQol-5 dimension (EQ-5D) [20] | Mobility, Self-care, Pain, Usual activities, and Psychological status | 12 | 5 | 17 |
| Medical Outcomes Study Short-form (SF36/SF-36) [19] |
Physical and Social functioning, Physical and Emotional role limitations, Mental health, Energy, Pain, and General health perceptions Domains Physical and Mental component summaries |
2 | 1 | 3 |
| Spitzer Quality of Life Index [60] | Activity, Daily living, Health, Support of family and friends, Outlook | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 15D (15-dimensional measure of HRQoL) [61] | Breathing, Mental function, Speech, Vison, Mobility, Usual activities, Vitality, Hearing, Eating, Elimination, Sleeping, Distress, Discomfort and symptoms, Sexual activity, Depression | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| World Health Organisation—Quality of Life WHOQOL Scale (also including WHOQOL-BREF) [62] | Physical health, Psychological health, Social relationships, Environmental health, | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| Generic cancer | ||||
| European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (QLQ-C30) [22] |
Domains: Physical functioning, Emotional functioning, Social functioning, Role functioning, Cognitive functioning. Items: Fatigue, Pain, Nausea/Vomiting, Constipation, Diarrhoea, Insomnia, Dyspnoea, Appetite loss, Financial Difficulties, Global health, Global quality of life |
108 | 51 | 159 |
| Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—General (FACT-G) [21] | Physical well-being, Social/Family well-being, Emotional well-being | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy: Fatigue (FACT-F) [50] | Fatigue | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Quality of Life Questionnaire for Cancer Patients treated with anticancer drugs (QOL ACD) [27] | Daily Activities, Physical condition, Social activities, Mental status, Psychological status | |||
| Functional Living Index-Emesis (FLIE) [51] |
Nausea Vomiting |
2 | 0 | 2 |
| Gastric Cancer-specific | ||||
| European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire—Gastric Cancer (QLQ-STO22) [23, 24] |
Domains: Dysphagia, Dietary restriction, Pain, Reflux, Anxiety Items: Disease symptoms, treatment side effects, Dry mouth, Body image, taste problems |
72 | 18 | 90 |
| Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—Gastric Cancer (FACT-Ga) [25] |
Gastric cancer subscale items: Weight loss, Appetite loss, Reflux, Dietary restrictions, Pain/discomfort when eating, Feeling full/heavy in the stomach, Stomach swelling/cramps, Dysphagia, Change in eating habits, Enjoyment of meals (socially), Interference of usual activities, Avoidance of going out, Worry over stomach problems, Discomfort/pain in stomach area, Flatulence, Diarrhoea, Fatigue, Weakness, Plans for the future |
3 | 4 | 7 |
| GC-PROM: Patient-reported outcome measure for Chinese patients with gastric cancer [55] | Physical: Abdominal symptoms, Systemic symptoms, Physical state, Independence; Psychological: Anxiety, Depressed, Pessimism; Social: Social support, Social adaptation; Therapeutic: Effectiveness, Satisfaction, Compliance, Drug side effects | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| KOQUSS-40: Symptom-Focused Quality of Life Questionnaire for Gastric Cancer Patients after Gastrectomy [45] | General quality of life, Indigestion, Dysphagia, Reflux, Dumping syndrome, Bowel habit change, Constipation, Psychological factors, Worry about cancer, Scar problems, Financial problems | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Korenaga’s Score Scale/Chew wun Wu special symptom score [56, 57] |
Appetite, Consistency of digested food, Volume of digested food, Frequency of eating, Eating time, Postprandial abdominal fullness, Heartburn, Diarrhea, and Constipation persistence, Insomnia, Body weight changes, Swallowing problems, Vomiting, Dizziness |
2 | 1 | 3 |
| Post-gastrectomy Syndrome Assessment Scale-45/037 (PGSAS45/PGSAS37) [27] | In addition to items from the SF-8 and GSRS: PGSAS-specific items: Bile regurgitation, sense of food sticking, Postprandial fullness, Early satiation, Lower abdominal pains, Dumping (early and late) symptoms. Dietary intake (amount and quality of ingestion), Work, Satisfaction with daily life | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| System of Quality of Life Instruments for Cancer Patients: Stomach Cancer (QLICP-ST) [28] | Physical, Psychological, Common symptoms and side effects | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Quality of life assessment based on Traditional Chinese Medicine for advanced gastric cancer (QLASTCM-Ga) [58] |
Unity of the body and spirit Correspondence between man and universe Specific module General module |
1 | 0 | 1 |
| Oesophageal-specific | ||||
| European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire—Oesophago-Gastric Modules (OG25) [46] | Domains: Dysphagia, Eating restrictions, Reflux, Odynophagia, Pain, Anxiety | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire – Oesophageal Cancer (OES18) [47] | Domains: Dysphagia, Eating, Reflux, Pain. Items: Saliva swallowing, Choking, Dry mouth, Taste, Coughing, Talking | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| Gastrointestinal-specific | ||||
| Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GLQI) [26] | Gastrointestinal symptoms, Emotion, Physical function, Social function, Medical treatment | 1 | 5 | 6 |
| Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) [48] | Reflux, Abdominal pain, Indigestion, Diarrhoea, Constipation | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| Patient Assessment of Gastrointestinal Disorders-Symptoms Severity Index (PAGI-SYM) [49] | Heartburn/regurgitation, Nausea/vomiting, Fullness/early satiety, Bloating, Upper abdominal pain, Lower abdominal pain | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)-QOL Questionnaires [59] | Daily activity, Diet, Psychological well-being | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Bespoke questions developed for the purpose of the study |
Post-gastrectomy symptoms Dumping syndrome symptoms Satisfaction Psychological functioning Social functioning |
16 | 4 | 20 |
aStudies often use more than one measure