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. 2022 Jun 23;12:10659. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14785-8

Table 2.

Summary of Mann–Whitney U tests on alpha diversity indices across ASD and TD groups.

Alpha diversity index Mean ± SD p p (adjusted) Effect size
ASD TD
Faith’s PD 7.73 (1.65) 8.17 (1.05) 0.020 0.004 0.31
Chao1 Index 79.8 (19.3) 92.6 (20.2) < 0.001 < 0.001 0.383
Mean ± SD p p (adjusted) Effect size
ASD FGID− TD FGID−
Faith’s PD 7.46 (1.51) 8.12 (1.06) 0.003 < 0.001 0.371
Chao1 Index 79 (19.4) 92.9 (21.3) < 0.001 < 0.001 0.396
Mean ± SD p p (adjusted) Effect size
ASD FGID+ TD FGID+
Faith’s PD 8.27 (1.82) 8.29 (1.03) 0.953 0.496 0.213
Chao1 Index 81.4 (19.4) 91.8 (17.4) 0.030 0.040 0.347
Mean ± SD p p (adjusted) Effect size
ASD FGID+ ASD FGID−
Faith’s PD 8.27 (1.82) 7.46 (1.51) 0.027 0.032 0.285
Chao1 Index 81.4 (19.4) 79 (19.4) 0.577 0.487 0.065
Mean ± SD p p (adjusted) Effect size
TD FGID+ TD FGID−
Faith’s PD 8.29 (1.03) 8.12 (1.06) 0.451 0.868 0.143
Chao1 Index 91.8 (17.4) 92.9 (21.3) 0.811 0.407 0.02

Significant values are in bold.

ASD: Autism Spectrum Disorder, TD: Typically Developing; Faith’s PD: Faith’s Phylogenetic Diversity. Statistical comparisons were adjusted for usage of psychiatric medications, unhealthy diet, fibre intake and main nutrient intake; Effect sizes were calculated using rank biserial correlation.