. 2022 Jun 23;12:10659. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14785-8

Table 3.

Summary of PERMANOVA on beta diversity indices across ASD and TD groups.

Comparison			df	Bray–Curtis dissimilarity			Unweighted UniFrac distance			Weighted UniFrac distance
Group 1	Group 2	Factor	df	F	p	p (adjusted)	F	p	p (adjusted)	F	p	p (adjusted)
ASD	TD	Group	1	2.899	< 0.001	< 0.001	4.510	< 0.001	< 0.001	8.064	< 0.001	< 0.001
ASD	TD	residuals	202
ASD FGID−	TD FGID−	Group	1	2.472	< 0.001	< 0.001	3.559	< 0.001	< 0.001	6.692	< 0.001	0.001
ASD FGID−	TD FGID−	residuals	140
ASD FGID+	TD FGID+	Group	1	1.427	0.028	0.035	2.181	< 0.001	0.002	2.268	0.034	0.042
ASD FGID+	TD FGID+	residuals	60
ASD FGID+	ASD FGID−	FGID	1	1.140	0.21	0.253	1.943	0.016	0.014	1.368	0.229	0.194
ASD FGID+	ASD FGID−	residuals	90
TD FGID+	TD FGID−	FGID	1	1.194	0.187	0.17	1.469	0.043	0.036	1.024	0.364	0.372
TD FGID+	TD FGID−	residuals	110

Significant values are in bold.

ASD Autism Spectrum Disorder, TD Typically Developing, FGID Functional Gastrointestinal Disorder. Permutations = 1000 with statistical adjustment for usage of psychiatric medications, unhealthy diet, fibre intake and main nutrient intake.