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. 2022 Jun 23;12:10656. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14603-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for cardiovascular disease (left panel) and all-cause mortality (right panel) according to the changes in smoking and exercise habits after the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The group of continuous smokers and nonexercisers was defined as the reference group. The analysis was adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, income status, hypertension, dyslipidemia, fasting blood glucose level, kidney function, use of insulin, number of oral hypoglycemic agents, and alcohol intake.