Table 1.
Examples of closed-loop systems implemented in artificial designer cells
| Ligand | Sensor platform | Processor platform | Therapeutic response | Disease | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dopamine | Human dopamine receptor 1 (DRD1) | Endogenous pathway (cAMP) | Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) | High blood pressure | Rössger et al. (2013b) |
| Bile acid | TGR5 | Endogenous pathway (cAMP) | Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) | Liver injury | Bai et al. (2016) |
| Formyl peptides | FPR1 | Endogenous pathway (Calcium) | Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) | Anti-infection therapy | Sedlmayer et al. (2018) |
| TNF and IL22 | TNFR and IL22R | NFκB and JAK/STAT3 pathways | IL4, IL10 | Psoriasis | Schukur et al. (2015) |
| [Fatty acid] ↑ | PPARa/TtgR | Orthogonal/endogenous pathways | Pramlintide | Obesity | Rössger et al. (2013a) |
| Thyroid hormones | TRa/Gal4 (TSR) | Coactivator/corepressor endogenous proteins | Thyroid hormone stimulating receptor antagonists | Grave’s disease | Saxena et al. (2016a) |
| [Glucose] ↑ | Cav1.2 ion channel | Endogenous pathway (Calcium) |
Insulin hGLP1 |
Type 1 and 2 diabetes | Xie et al. (2016b) |
| [H+] ↑ | TDAG8 | Endogenous pathway (cAMP) | Insulin | Diabetes | Ausländer et al. (2014) |
| Uric acid | KRAB-HucR (mUTS) | orthogonal | Urate oxidase | Hyperuricemia | Kemmer et al. (2010) |
| [Glucose] ↑ | Glucose oxidase, catalase, gramicidin A | Synthetic vesicles containing insulin and sensitive to [H+] | Insulin release | Diabetes | Chen et al. (2018) |