Fig. 12.
A working model illustrating the role of astrocytic TRPV4 in 4-AP-induced seizures. In this model, TRPV4 is upregulated and activated in astrocytes. Activated TRPV4 promotes the upregulation and activation of YAP by increasing [Ca2+]i, which contributes to the phosphorylation of STAT3 and further leads to the activation and A1 polarization of astrocytes. A1 astrocytes release many proinflammatory cytokines, leading to neuroinflammation and disruption of the immune microenvironment in the brain, thereby increasing seizure susceptibility