Table 1.

Summarized functions of IL-10 and TGF-β in allergic asthma.

IL-10	TGF-β
Inhibits antigen present cell (APC) maturation, antigen presentation and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion (58) Induces IL-10-producing DCs (59)	Inhibits DC maturation and antigen presentation; promotes Langerhans cell development (60, 61) Stimulates cells at the resting state (monocytes), whereas activated cells (macrophages) are inhibited (62)
Inhibits mast cell activation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (63) Inhibits eosinophil and basophil cytokine production (5) Suppresses ILC2 activation and cytokine production (64)	Inhibits expression of FcϵRI (65) Promotes chemotaxis of neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells (66–68)
Suppresses allergen-specific Teffs (69)	Suppresses allergen-specific Teffs (70, 71) Associates with CTLA-4 expression on T cells (72) Promotes T cell survival (73)
Suppresses IgE (74) Induces IgG4 and IgA (75)	Suppresses class switching to the majority of IgG isotypes (76, 77) Suppresses IgE (78) Induces IgA (79)
Enhances B cell survival (75, 80)	Inhibits B cell proliferation (81) Promotes apoptosis of naïve or immature B cells (82, 83)
Promotes the generation of Tr1 cells (84)	Induces Foxp3 and suppressive function of Tregs (72, 85) Induces Th9, Th17 and Tfh cells under different conditions (86–88)
Synergistic effect in in vivo suppression with CTLA-4, PD-1 and TGF-β (89)	Synergistic effect in in vivo suppression with CTLA-4, PD-1 and IL-10 (89)