Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate Fine and Gray (competing risk) regression model for the impact of social isolation on incident dementia by gender.
| Women | Men | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model I | Model II | Model I | Model II | |||||
| sHR | p | sHR | p | sHR | p | sHR | p | |
| Social isolation (ref. socially integrated individuals) | 1.46 | 0.082 | 1.39 | 0.274 | 0.68 | 0.375 | 0.71 | 0.479 |
| Age* | 1.03 | 0.487 | 1.08 | 0.279 | ||||
| High education (ref. middle, low) | 1.93 | 0.003 | 1.42 | 0.170 | ||||
| Married (ref. not married) | 1.03 | 0.948 | 5.52 | <0.001 | ||||
| Living alone (ref. shared housing) | 0.95 | 0.878 | 5.43 | 0.003 | ||||
| Cognitive function (MMSE)* | 0.70 | <0.001 | 0.69 | 0.011 | ||||
| Depressive symptoms* | 1.04 | 0.497 | 0.89 | 0.264 | ||||
| IADL* | 1.03 | 0.761 | 0.98 | 0.891 | ||||
| Physical activities* | 0.94 | 0.256 | 1.06 | 0.444 | ||||
| Cognitive activities* | 1.04 | 0.228 | 0.85 | 0.011 | ||||
| Vision impairment (ref. no impairment) | 0.62 | 0.186 | 1.04 | 0.947 | ||||
| Hearing impairment (ref. no impairment) | 0.83 | 0.547 | 1.18 | 0.731 | ||||
| Mobility impairment (ref. no impairment) | 1.39 | 0.396 | 0.49 | 0.311 | ||||
| Hypertension (ref. no history of hypertension) | 0.96 | 0.905 | 0.50 | 0.191 | ||||
| Diabetes (ref. no history of diabetes) | 0.41 | 0.022 | 0.94 | 0.896 | ||||
| Stroke (ref. no history if stroke) | 0.71 | 0.577 | 3.06 | 0.073 | ||||
| n | 778 | 544 | 383 | 299 | ||||
*
Continuous scores; IADL, Instrumental activities of daily living; MMSE, Mini-Mental state examination; sHR, subdistribution hazard ratio. Statistics in italicized type indicate significant results.